Full transcript
0:02Hello, good day once again at at welcome
0:04sa ating klase ngayon. Ang ating topic
0:06po is moral
0:08deliberation, the role of reason and
0:11impartiality and
0:17ethics. So before anything else, ito po
0:20dapat ang matutunan natin after nating
0:22matalakay ang lesson na ito. At the end
0:26you will enumerate the minimum
0:28requirements for morality.
0:30And then you will be able to resolve the
0:33moral issues by applying the seven step
0:37moral reasoning model. Kasi yun po ang
0:40pinakahuli nating pag-aralan. But before
0:43that, kailangan muna nating
0:45i-define yung reason at saka
0:49impartiality. So the first thing that we
0:52need to to define is impartiality.
0:56I think in ethics it is very important
0:59that we are impartial. Sinasabi dito ang
1:04impartiality daw is the quality of not
1:07being
1:09biased because the moment there is
1:12favoritism then nagkakaroon po diyan ng
1:14partiality.
1:19Now that is the first thing that we need
1:21to do that at the end of the day dapat
1:25po ang ating moral
1:28decision ay impartial. Okay? So
1:32kailangan natin itong
1:34tandaan. But paano ba siya nagiging
1:37impartial? Yun yung tanong. So yan po ay
1:41hindi
1:42ginagamitan ng emosyon lang.
1:45Bagkos nagiging impartial lang po siya
1:49if we are using what we called moral
1:52reasoning.
1:55Halimbawa that person is your
1:57friend at yung kalaban niya or
2:01nakaalitan niya ay hindi mo
2:04kilala. Kung magiging partial
2:07ka syempre kailangan mong panigan 'yung
2:10friend mo because you are being partial.
2:13nagiging bias ka kasi you knew this
2:15person very well. But being impartial
2:18means even if that person is your
2:20friend, you have to use your moral
2:23reasoning in order to know the truth and
2:26in order to address a particular issue
2:29or situation. So kailangan nating
2:31gamitin yung moral
2:33reasoning. And when we talk about moral
2:36reasoning, we have to use our critical
2:38analysis.
2:41Then dito na po papasok yung moral
2:44deliberation na
2:45tinatawag. So moral judgements according
2:49to this slide must be back up by good
2:52reasons and morality requires the
2:55impartial
2:56consideration of its individual's
2:59interest. Morality is at the very least
3:03the effort to guide one's conduct by
3:05reason.
3:07Okay. Gamitin natin yung utak natin.
3:09Gagamitin natin yung ating critical
3:12thinking. That is to do what what are
3:16the best reasons for
3:17doing while giving equal weight to the
3:21interest of each individual affected by
3:24one's action. Okay. Impartiality and
3:27ethics refers to fair. Okay. And
3:31unbiased decision making. Where moral
3:34judgments are made without favoritism.
3:37personal bias or
3:39selfinterest means treating all
3:41individuals and situations equally and
3:44fairly. Kaya nga ba sa batas meron
3:46tayong tinatawag na due process of law.
3:49A due process.
3:50Kailangan kahit na mayong suspect
3:54kailangan pa ring bigyan natin ng patas
3:57na proseso. Based on objective moral
4:00principles. Objective means hindi hindi
4:03ka nagiging subjective. Okay? Rather
4:06than personal relationships, emotions or
4:10personal
4:11gains. So ito yung keyaspects of
4:14impartiality and ethics.
4:17Unang-una, meron dapat tayong objective
4:20criteria. magkakaroon lang ng
4:22impartiality in any decision making if
4:25we have again objective
4:28criteria that decisions should be based
4:30on objective
4:32criteria rather than personal interest
4:34or
4:35biases
4:38pangalawa fairness and
4:40equality that impartiality promotes
4:43fairness and
4:44equality by ensuring that ng individuals
4:48are treated similarly pare-parehas
4:52unless there are morally relevant
4:54reasons to differentiate. Pangatlo,
4:57absence of personal influence. Minsan
5:00kasi pag ano eh agag merong personal
5:02influence or
5:04relationships ah nagkakaroon ito ng ng
5:08ano ng ng effect doon sa
5:11pagdedesisyon kaya dapat iwasan natin
5:14yon. And in impartiality we can also
5:17apply moral theories.
5:20like utilitarianism,
5:24consequentialism which is bilong doon
5:27yung
5:28consequentialism utilitarianism sa
5:31consequentialism can ethics and any
5:34other
5:35actually ethical theories that we can
5:38apply okay kasi nga we are there to
5:41address a particular
5:42situations so so that we need to apply a
5:46particular moral theor So kanina
5:49pinag-uusapan natin na
5:53dapat sa
5:55pagdedesisyon or pag-address ng isang
5:58scenario or issues, kailangan ba nating
6:01maging
6:02impartial. But the question here is how
6:06can we be
6:09impartial in our decision making? Okay?
6:12Doon na papasok yung seven step or the
6:16seven step moral reasoning model.
6:19Ang importante dito sa seven step moral
6:22reasoning
6:23model yung actually pagkakaroon ng
6:26tamang tanong kasi we will not be able
6:29to come up with a good decision making
6:32without actually
6:34formulating good and excellent
6:37questions. Yun yung pag-usapan natin
6:41dito. But what is more important here
6:45is we will come up at the end. with an
6:48impartial decision making. Okay? Yun
6:51naman talaga ang ano natin ang goal
6:55natin. So before we move on to the first
6:59uh
7:01step, let us be mindful
7:05that this particular
7:08question. What is the main issue at
7:10stake in this
7:11case? Minsan kasi titingnan natin if it
7:14is really a moral issue or not. Kasi
7:17maraming marami kasing mga issues or
7:20problems na hindi naman moral issues. So
7:22the first thing that we need to do is to
7:24really know if it is a moral issue.
7:26Okay? Then later on makikita naman natin
7:29yan
7:29dito. Okay? And then if it is a moral
7:33issue then the first thing that we need
7:35to do is first to gather the facts. So
7:38ito yung importanteng tanong.
7:41What do we
7:43know and what do we need to know? So ano
7:47yung alam na natin at ano pa ang hindi
7:50natin alam? So dito kailangan nating
7:52tingnan yung relevant
7:55information na
7:56nagprepresent ng key facts surrounding
7:59the ethical
8:01issue. Then after that ah kailangan din
8:04natin yung data and details. It actually
8:08includes
8:09statistics studies or real world
8:12examples that provide
8:15context. And then after that, kailangan
8:18din nating isaalang-alang iyung ethical
8:20significance. We will discuss the
8:22importance of this facts in
8:25understanding the moral
8:27dimensions of that particular problem.
8:31Kailangan dito iyung research. Kailangan
8:33natin itong pag-aralan.
8:36And then the second one is to determine
8:38the ethical issues. Here when it comes
8:40to ethical issues, kailangan nating
8:43malaman yung core ethical questions. We
8:45have to
8:46identify the main ethical questions that
8:49arise from the
8:51facts. So nalaman alam na natin yung
8:54yung yung isang scenario dahil alam na
8:57natin then makapag-formulate tayo ng
9:00questions ah when it
9:03connection to what we called ethical
9:06issues kung ano ba iyung mga ethical
9:07issues na nandoon.
9:10Then we can also see the implications of
9:12the issues. We can discuss how this
9:14ethical issues impact stakeholders and
9:18society at large. Pag sinabi nating
9:21stakeholders, yung mga taong na-involved
9:27dito. And then the third one is of
9:29course to identify the stakeholders.
9:32Before we make a decision, kailangan
9:35muna nating
9:36malaman sino ba yung mga involved
9:40dito. Okay? We have to think broadly and
9:42generate a list of all possible
9:45individuals, group or entities that will
9:47be affected by the decisions to be made.
9:51So who is
9:52involved? And then we have to have
9:54analysis of interest. We analyze how its
9:57stakeholders is affected at ano yung
10:00interest they
10:02represent. Kasi marami yan iba't iba ang
10:06magiging affected
10:08diyan. Potential conflicts you have to
10:11discuss conflicts oring perspectives
10:14among stakeholders. Then number four
10:17is list the
10:19alternatives. We have to list the
10:22possible
10:25options. Yung mga options na pwede
10:28nating gawin in order to address or to
10:30solve the problem.
10:34We need to outline different options
10:36available para ma-address natin yung
10:39ethical
10:40issues. Pero ang point naman dito, yung
10:42options ay para maging solusyon siya sa
10:45problema natin. Ito yung options na
10:47pwede nating gawin. We can provide a
10:50concise description of its options,
10:54potential, implications, and
10:57outcomes. Kung kung pinili ko ba ong
11:01option na ito in order to address sa
11:04particular ethical issue ay ano bang
11:08magiging kahinat na nito? Makakabuti ba
11:10o
11:12hindi?
11:15So another word for options is
11:19alternatives. So you have to explore
11:21your
11:23options. Number five is we need to
11:26evaluate the alternatives or our options
11:29using ethical
11:31principles. That is why here it is
11:34important class at sa ngayon na
11:36mag-research tayo at alamin yung mga
11:38ethical theories. kagaya kunwari ng
11:42utilitarianism deontology which is duty
11:44base. Yung utilitarianism naman is about
11:49the greatest happiness for the greatest
11:51number or virtue ethics like character
11:54and integrity.
11:56Like for example when we talk about uh
11:59when we apply
12:02utilitarianism yung mga options ba natin
12:04ay nagbibigay ng ng happiness or
12:08greatest good for the majority of people
12:10or hindi mga ganon ba? We need to have
12:14criteria for
12:16evaluation we need to evaluate our
12:19options through for example idea of
12:22utility fairness or justice. Parang ito
12:25yung ano nagiging
12:27evaluator. Okay? Kasi yyung ethical
12:29theory yun yung ina-apply natin
12:32dito. Number six is after that you have
12:36to make a decision.
12:38You have to choose the base the best
12:42course of action based on ethical
12:45principles. Okay. Ano ba yung ethical
12:48principles? Ito yun sa number yan yung
12:53ethical principles
12:55natin. So paano natin gawin
12:58or how to do we make a particular
13:01decision using the ethical principles?
13:05So ito na yung application kasi dito sa
13:08five ay dito sa five ini-evaluate pa
13:11natin yung options whether makapasa siya
13:14or
13:15hindi. Kung hindi siya makapasa
13:18using our ethical principles then we
13:21need to go back okay to step four which
13:25is
13:27what to to list again or to to ilista
13:32natin yung mga possible
13:34alternatives. Okay. So 'yun 'yung ating
13:37gagawin. Kapag nakapasa ulit siya
13:39pagdating ng step five, pagpasado then
13:43you proceed to step six which is making
13:46a
13:47decision. But here in making a decision
13:50we have to ensure the decision is
13:52justifiable and aligns with moral
13:55values. Kasi kung hindi ah wala ding
13:58patutunguhan to. So you have to choose
14:01course of
14:02action and you have to justify your
14:07decision. So kahit anong gagawin natin
14:09dito kung walang pagdedesisyon sa huli
14:12wala
14:13din. Then step number
14:16[Musika]
14:18seven. Ayan. So yung pangito natin is
14:21implementation na. So nagdesisyon ka
14:24then then the last one is you have to
14:26implement.
14:28So and and we have to implement them
14:30with moral responsibility. Yun yung
14:32accountability na
14:34tinatawag. And we have to reflect after
14:37implementing we have to reflect on the
14:39results and consider if any adjustments
14:42are needed for future decision
14:46making. So paano ba natin siya
14:49i-implement? Ano ba yung i-consider
14:51natin for
14:52implementation? Like the practical steps
14:55for implementation.
14:57yung potential obstacle obstacles or
15:01dito sa
15:02pag-i-implement na natin. And then we
15:06need to monitor and
15:10evaluate so that we will able to know
15:13kung ano yung pagkukulang natin or ano
15:15pa yung improve or ano pa yung ang
15:17kailangan nating gawin in order
15:20to
15:21um make our
15:23implementation successful.
15:27So ito yung conclusion natin.
15:29Okay. The consious moral agent is
15:34actually
15:36someone who should know the facts
15:38carefully and examine the
15:41replications. The one who cares about
15:43everyone's interest impartially.
15:46bias who actually accepts principles of
15:50conduct only after scrutinizing them to
15:54make sure they are
15:55justified and then who will listen to
15:58reason kailangan nating pakinggan yung
16:00ating reason even when it means
16:03revising our
16:06beliefs and who finally is willing to
16:09act on this deliberation and thank you
16:11so much for listening
16:14have a good day to on