Full transcript
0:00Okay Uh magandang ah Magandang umaga po
0:02sa
0:04lahat Uh our lesson our lesson for today
0:09is about virtue
0:12ethics so ito pong virtue ethics Ito po
0:16ang
0:19pinakaunang topic natin
0:22ah sa ethical frameworks
0:25[Musika]
0:30so Ito po yung dapat nating matutunan at
0:33the end of this
0:35class that you should be able to
0:38discuss the meaning and basic principles
0:42of virtue
0:45ethics if you do not know the definition
0:48it is very difficult for us to
0:53know
0:55um the basic principles of
1:00virtue ethics Along The
1:03Way and then second one it is important
1:07to
1:08distinguish the virtuous act from non
1:11virtuous
1:12acts according to the principles of
1:15aristotel virtue ethics and then at the
1:18end We will be able to apply aristotel
1:21ethics in understanding the Filipino
1:25character so meron po itong application
1:27at the end Okay Now let's move on to
1:30another
1:31slide okay if you look at
1:35the the
1:41slide the ontology and
1:47utilitarianism are the two ethical
1:51frameworks that focuses on the
1:55actions of a
1:58person so ang ethical frameworks po na
2:02ito ay naka-focus doon sa question na
2:06What should I do So particular question
2:09po o particular action rather ang
2:13kanilang um tinitingnan kung ang action
2:17ba ay moral or hindi moral for the
2:21ontology an action is
2:26moral
2:28If there is a intention with
2:32it and it is
2:35done for the sake of Duty so ang action
2:40is
2:43good and the intention is also good for
2:49utilitarianism a moral action is an
2:54action with good
2:56consequence meaning to say
3:00um Maganda po ang kanyang consequence or
3:04ang kanyang result and it is useful and
3:07It gives
3:10happiness to
3:13people so what about virtue
3:17ethics ang Focus po ng virtue ethics is
3:21not on a particular action but a person
3:26itself Yan po meaning to
3:30a person will not be a moral
3:35person if that person does a good action
3:39only
3:40once so instead of What should I do the
3:45focus of virtue ethics is what should I
3:49Be what should I Be anong klaseng tao ka
3:53Anong klaseng character meron
3:57ka yun po ang Focus virtue ethics unlike
4:01the ontology and
4:03utilitarianism who focuses on a
4:07particular action that is why virtue
4:12ethics is a theory of
4:15morality that makes virtue the central
4:19concern yun po ang kanilang concern yun
4:22po ang kanilang
4:26Focus that is why virtue
4:31ethics focuses on the
4:34formation of virtuous
4:37character sabi nga po ni
4:41aristotel when it comes to moral
4:45virtue It is a result of habit From This
4:49it is also
4:51plain that None of the moral virtues
4:54arises in Us by
4:56nature but the virtues we get by first
5:00exercising them as also happens in the
5:03case of the art as well for the things
5:06we have to learn before we can do them
5:09we learn by doing
5:11them
5:13men become builders by building a Li
5:18players by playing the Li So to become
5:22just by doing
5:24just temperate by doing temperate
5:30doing Brave acts so for
5:36aristotel the formation of virtuous
5:41character can be done not by only
5:45knowing but by acting it
5:50habitually so Yan po ang
5:52pagkakaiba ng virtue ethics sa
5:55ibang ethical frameworks
6:05Okay paano ba natin
6:08maintindihan yung virtue ethics ni
6:10aristotel so we will do it step by
6:15step so we will Begin with this idea of
6:20Purpose anan
6:23po diyan po T
6:26maguumpisa so inan
6:31aristotel actually
6:33asserted that everything that we
6:36do ay nakao po doon sa particular
6:41purpose everything that we do Ay meron
6:44po tayong particular aim or purpose So
6:49lahat po ng ginagawa natin ay Meron pong
6:53purpose that is why aristotel
6:57is ang kanan p Uh ethical theory is
7:01theological Okay
7:03telos so the Greek word of end or
7:07purpose is telos dahil naniniwala po
7:10siya na lahat ng ating ginagawa at lahat
7:13ng umiiral sa mundong ito or even in the
7:17universe ay Meron pong
7:22purpose purpose can be our goal ah In
7:28Action but it is also our goal as a
7:33being okay sa pagiging isang tao lahat
7:37ng ginagawa natin na may purpose pero
7:39tayo din po ay merong purpose It's like
7:42a table ang table po ay meron siyang
7:46purpose and the purpose of the
7:51table ay dapat po magagawa niya okay
7:56Otherwise kung hindi magagawa ng table
8:01or the table that serve purpose then the
8:05table is
8:07useless
8:10so tayo
8:12po ay nag-aral as student at meron po
8:17tayong aim sa pag-aaral perhaps
8:20makakuha ng mataas na marka makapasa sa
8:24klase makakuha ng honor at the end of
8:29the
8:30um let's say at the end of the
8:34graduation so that Later on maging
8:36maganda po ang ating
8:38career and then we can have
8:41wealth and we can
8:45travel so for aristotel and I think we
8:49have also to know that these are
8:51instrumental
8:52goods instrument
8:56goods instumental good
9:00ito p mga purpose or ito p aim na
9:03ito
9:05ay hindi po siya yung pinaka talaga for
9:09the highest purpose so that is why
9:13sinasabi ni arist if we have different
9:16purposes or
9:18aims so meron po tayong hierarchy of
9:21telos or telo na
9:24tinatawag so there Must Be An ultimate
9:28goal
9:30Okay kasi we have different goals TH
9:33there Should Be An ultimate goal and
9:38[Musika]
9:39aristotel
9:41acknowledge that our highest or ultimate
9:45goal is y
9:48daemonia which is translated as
9:52happiness or
9:54flourishing Bakit po ang ud demonia or
9:57happiness or flourishing
9:59is our highest goal or ultimate goal or
10:04the ultimate goal of an individual or a
10:08person Meron po itong dalawang
10:11qualifications
10:13Okay the first one Happiness is a final
10:17it is our final end it is highest end
10:22and it
10:24[Musika]
10:28sent
10:30ba para po masasabi nating
10:33self-sufficient siya and it is final
10:36because wala na pong kasunod
10:39doon So this is an argument of aristotel
10:42and for him Happiness is a
10:45final and it is self
10:49sufficient so Happiness is our intrinsic
10:54good because we need it for the sake of
10:58itself Not for the sake of someone
11:01Something Else we do not use happiness
11:05as a means to our end but it is our
11:09ultimate goal as a
11:13person so The question is Ito po yung
11:18tanong how can we attain ung demonia or
11:23happiness okay Yun po ung tanong
11:27natin So mapa sa tayo paano ba natin
11:30siya
11:31maat and for for aristel you demonia is
11:35not just a
11:37feeling but it is a psychological
11:40disposition okay ang ang happiness po sa
11:43kanya is not just now titingan natin
11:47yung buong buhay ng isang
11:50tao at doon po natin masasabi
11:53kung ang taong ito a
11:57masing back to question How can we
12:01arrive to y daemonia Yan po yung tanong
12:04natin
12:05[Musika]
12:07ngayon so aristotel Uh begins with this
12:12idea of function Okay
12:16yan sabi natin kanina lahat po ng um
12:20eral sa mundong ito ay meron po siyang
12:23function like a function of a table is
12:28Uh anuhan siya Uh lalagyan siya ng
12:31pagkain kainan or you use it for study
12:35and Uh the the purpose the purpose of a
12:40table is in in relation or connection to
12:44its function okay if a table does not
12:48serve its function there therefore it
12:50does not also serve its
12:53purpose so ang ang tanong din po ay ano
12:57ba ang function
12:59for the purpose of a person a human
13:03person so sabi ni
13:06aristotel Meron po tayong vegetative
13:08soul right We We are also
13:11Sen but we are different from animals in
13:14a sense that we have reason meron pa
13:17tayong tinatawag na
13:20rationality and according to aristotel
13:23the
13:24function or a function of an individual
13:28person or a human being is reason to use
13:33his reason or her
13:35reason iun po ang purpose ng isang
13:41tao okay now Ano ba ang ano ba ang ano
13:46ano ba ang
13:48ang
13:50ah maitutulong ng reason or Bakit ba ang
13:55reason or the capacity to think
13:59is
14:00our function at at at at Paano ba ito
14:06makatutulong
14:07in order to arrive to your
14:12dimon so malinaw na naman po na tayo po
14:16ay may kakayahang mag-isip at dahil may
14:19kakayahan tayong mag-isip
14:20napaka-powerful po ng ating pag-iisip
14:23and we can Actually use it in order to
14:26to choose What is good
14:29and to arrive in that particular um goal
14:34that we have because mind is very
14:37powerful and aristotel Actually
14:38acknowledge it so that is why sa ni
14:42aristotel Happiness is an activity of
14:45the human soul in accordance with the
14:48complete or perfect
14:51virtue it is an activity of our soul
14:55meaning to say our reason
14:59in order to
15:00arrive into
15:03complete or perfect virtue So ano
15:08kinalaman ng virtue dito Ano ang
15:10kinalaman ng virtue dito we know our
15:14function but
15:17virtue is a
15:19toon
15:22ay
15:24gam
15:26reason order
15:30into complete or perfect
15:32virtue because
15:36virtue is ath to happiness or
15:39flourishing or what we call the good
15:42life so a good life is Actually
15:48living in virtues in
15:52virtue because it is a to happiness or
15:57flourishing now for
15:59there are two kinds of
16:01virtue number one is intellectual virtue
16:06an ang intellectual virtue
16:09po ay natututunan natin through study o
16:20learning we Learn from our parents we
16:24Learn from our schools yung mga
16:34asal
16:37so intellectual virtue is by
16:40knowing but the other kind of virtue
16:43which is moral
16:48virtue Actually nakukuha natin through
16:53action or practice so the other one is
16:56learning moral virtue is
16:59action and it is not just an action but
17:03it is a
17:04habitual act or action natututunan natin
17:10yung moral virtue by
17:12repe that is why according to
17:15aristotel excellence is not an act It is
17:19a habit so lagi natin siyang
17:23ginagawa kapag kapag ang kindness a
17:27natin siyang gagawa at nagiging habit
17:30natin siya ang result po nito
17:34is
17:36character nagiging character na natin
17:38siya at nagiging parte na siya ng ating
17:43pagkatao for aristotel moral virtue is
17:46very
17:48important and for him his notion of
17:51moral virtue is what we call the golden
17:55me okay
17:59It is a golden
18:00mean at Ano ba yung golden mean na
18:04tinatawag it says that virtue lies in
18:09the middle or in the mean or we call it
18:13motes so ang ang virtue daw is in the
18:18mean or nasa gitna lang siya Bakit po
18:22importante
18:25ito kasi po ang ang ang moral virtue
18:29which is an action or habitual
18:34action ay a naka-focus po siya sa tanong
18:38na
18:40okay kung ang moral virtue is habitual
18:43action then paano pa natin makasisiguro
18:46or Paano tayo makasisiguro na yung
18:50ginagawa talaga natin is a virtu so ang
18:54sagot po dito golden mean as Ito po yung
18:58pangarap natin na
19:00ginagawa that virtualize in the
19:03mean So ano bang ibig sabihin nito okay
19:06for
19:08example yung pagiging
19:11Card is inde deficiency kasi merong
19:16dalawang extremes deficiency
19:21kakulangan c is in the
19:24middle and then excess or kasahan naman
19:29is recklessness okay yung hindi ka na
19:32nag-isip basta ka lang gumagawa
19:34agad-agad so sa pagiging isang
19:37sundalo being Card is not for example
19:41saong pagiging sundalo ang ang isang
19:45card ay nagtatago courage is in the
19:50middle and if ka naman bastaa kaang
19:56susugod
19:57for na virt sa another one is
20:02apathy okay Wala kaang feeling Wala ka
20:06ng pakialam
20:08Ah wala kang nararamdaman na patience is
20:13in the middle if if a person is
20:15aggressive naman it is in the excess
20:18part so basta tumbukin lang po daw natin
20:22yung mean okay that is why for aristotel
20:26ah the virtue
20:30happy life is a life of moderation in
20:34all
20:34things moderate lang dapat nasa gitna
20:37lang
20:39siya So Lagi po akong tinatanong ng mga
20:42estudyante ko sir papano ba magkaroon ng
20:48moderation sirung yung word na CS ba
20:52maapply natin in all the
20:55situation hindi
20:58kasi kahit si aristotel sasabihin niya
21:02na iba ang courage ng isang
21:05sundalo sa CS ng pagigiging
21:09estudyante It also depends on a
21:12particular
21:13situation so tinatanong ako paano sir
21:17Paano po Okay
21:21um para kay aristotel napakaimportante
21:24po ng word na practical wisdom okay
21:29ang practical wisdom is like prudence
21:32okay yung kung napasok tayo sa isang
21:37sitwason alam natin siya pagdesisyunan
21:41ng mabuti at or to have a right decision
21:45kapag nandon po tayo sa sitwasyon
21:48naon so being prudent is very important
21:52and as a person I think it is important
21:57to practical wisdom kasi ang practical
21:59wisdom Ito po talaga yung magtuturo sa
22:03atin Paano natin ma-locate
22:06or Paano natin ma-locate yung tinatawag
22:10na mean or sa gitna
22:13and practical wisdom or
22:16prones is Actually part of intellectual
22:19virtue pero hindi po natin ito
22:21natututunan sa books or kahit saan
22:24natututunan po natin ito sa ating
22:27experience
22:29So from time to time kapag na-experience
22:32natin yung mga bagay-bagay natututo po
22:35tayo
22:38and if we are fac with
22:42with with for example problems from time
22:46to time or lagi natin siyang
22:49nararanasan Actually Ano mas nagiging
22:53tayo At alam natin kung paano ito
22:57harapin kasi lagi natin siyang
23:00nararanasan at natututo tayo Yan po ang
23:03practical
23:04wisdom
23:08so Ito po ay
23:11napakaimportante sa buhay ng tao now
23:17um virtue is a path to happiness okay
23:22or human flourishing or the good life na
23:26tinatawag na now if we will have our
23:31character and we always
23:34[Musika]
23:36um follow that the golden me then we can
23:40arrive Actually to what we call your
23:43demonia for
23:48happiness Okay
23:51um in summary or to
23:55summarize virtue ethics emphasizes
24:00virtue as the central Focus okay stating
24:04that moral conduct naturally stems from
24:08virtues which are stable dispositions to
24:12act and feel according to an ideal or
24:16model of
24:19excellence so virtue is the focus of
24:22virt
24:23ethics and the formation of moral
24:26character because it is a to happiness
24:29so our function aids in cultivating
24:32intellectual and moral
24:35virtues leading to virtuous character
24:39ultimately achieving your demonia or
24:42happiness or flourishing ang lagi po na
24:46itulong ng ating function Okay in order
24:49to arrive to what we call de demonia or
24:52happiness because we can use
24:55it to actually cultivate
24:59intellectual and moral
25:04virtues So
25:06um at the
25:09end Ito po ang ating individual task
25:13Okay do you think that you demonia is
25:16our ultimate
25:18goal Why is our
25:20function important in achieving
25:23happiness and pangatlong question is how
25:27is the didn't mean applicable for you as
25:31a human being or for you as a student
25:34and how do you apply virtue ethics in
25:37cultivating our Filipino values if you
25:40have any questions You may
25:42ask and I am willing to answer
25:47it so thank you so much and I hope you
25:52will learn this simple and
25:55Uh I mean this simple presentation
25:59and good day to all of you