Full transcript
0:03once again Good morning everyone at
0:05welcome po sa ating klase ngayon So
0:07ngayon po ang ating topic
0:09ay Freedom as foundation for moral
0:15[Musika]
0:16acts so Ang tanong po dito is Bakit po
0:20napakaimportante ng Freedom when it
0:22comes to morality and Ano ba ang
0:26connection ng Freedom when it comes to
0:28being being moral person because as a
0:32moral Agent I think kailangan nating
0:35maging malaya In order for us to be
0:39moral I'm not saying that if we are not
0:42um free we cannot do good things or we
0:46cannot do moral things but my argument
0:50here is I think especially when we study
0:53about ethics and to become a moral Agent
0:56it is very important that we become free
1:01in order to make Uh a decisions out of
1:05this Freedom Uh because as a moral agent
1:09that is our job you know to make our
1:12society
1:14Uh a flourishing society and a
1:18flourishing life so now Let's move on
1:22to to the definition of freedom first
1:27before we um
1:31yung mga nakapaloob po nito so kailangan
1:33muna nating alamin yung
1:35definition ng Freedom and according to
1:39Cambridge dictionary
1:42Uh this is how the define
1:46Freedom so freedom is the
1:49condition or right of being able or
1:52allowed to do say think
1:57etc whatever you want two without being
2:02controlled or
2:05limited so that is how the Cambridge
2:09dictionary Uh define Freedom which is I
2:13think
2:13true but I think if we Look at this
2:16definition okay
2:20Ah medyo kailangan nating ano kailangan
2:24nating pagusapan
2:25ba kasi nga ah
2:30dito that being able or allowed to do
2:33say etc whatever you want to without
2:37being controlled or
2:39limited
2:41so It seems that this kind of definition
2:45is trying to say that we can do whatever
2:48We want
2:49right but the but ang problema dito it
2:54the problem here
2:56is what
2:58if yung
3:00ginagawa ay hindi na naayon doon sa
3:04moralidad or yung ginaga yung gusto kong
3:08gawin ay hindi na siya Tama So ano ba
3:12ang so itong definition ng Freedom na
3:16ito can be problematic
3:19right
3:21so now titingnan natin
3:25dito but I'm not saying that This is not
3:30a good definition of freedom but I would
3:32like also to argue that it seems that it
3:36is problematic when it comes
3:39to to ethics
3:42because
3:44um we cannot really do what what we want
3:47to do right Uh as Actually we can do
3:51what we want to do As Long As It is
3:54right But what if it is not
3:56right Okay so I will connect it to
4:02social
4:03media if this definition of freedom is
4:08good then what
4:12about It's effect in social
4:15media because according to the
4:18definition Okay we can say what We want
4:22we can do what we want kung ano man yung
4:25gawin natin that there na walang nimit
4:28sa atin right
4:30so now I would like to ask you what is
4:33or how can you describe freedom in
4:35social
4:36media are we going to follow that
4:39definition or not yun Iyung
4:42tanong can we say all that we want to
4:46say in social
4:47media or we can only say the things that
4:52should be posted and that should be
4:56said kasi meron ng mga bagay na hindi
5:00dapat natin sabihin so that is why ito
5:03yung mga tanong
5:06Okay should social media platforms
5:09uphold absolute free speech or should
5:13there be limits Ano kaya sa palagay
5:16niyo you can write it in the com
5:18sections if you have um comments or
5:22ideas is social media enhancing or
5:25restricting through freedom of speech k
5:29lagay ni does Freedom on Social Media
5:34mean Freedom without consequences or
5:37should be
5:39accountability okay yung atin bang
5:42pagpo-post sa social media
5:45ay may consequence ba or Meron bang
5:50pananagutan na nakaatang doon whatever
5:55posted and fake
5:57news restricted media or Is that a
6:01violation of free
6:04speech Okay ano kaya sa palagay
6:09natin kasi doon sa unang definition of
6:12freedom makikita natin doon that we can
6:14do what We want we can say what we want
6:17as long as we want without any limit or
6:21walang nag nagp ng limit sa
6:25atin okay now today class
6:30since
6:31freedom is the foundation for moral
6:35acts I will talk about Freedom today in
6:39the context of emuel kh Okay uel kh he
6:46was a prussian
6:48philosopher a prominent philosopher
6:50during the
6:52enlightenment which is you know Which
6:56has Actually a very good contribution
7:00when it comes to
7:02ethics
7:03Okay so we will Begin with this idea of
7:06freedom and after we we discuss his idea
7:10of freedom we will move on to his idea
7:13of morality kasi nga conectado naman
7:17sila okay sabi ni Emanuel
7:21Khan freedom is the capacity to exert
7:25control over one's
7:27behavior based on reason rather than
7:33desire ano bang ibig sabihin
7:36nito kung iconnect natin siya doon sa
7:39definition ng Freedom early
7:41on of course we can do what We want we
7:44can do what We wish to do we can post
7:48what we have to post in social media but
7:51First of all Let us Look at if our
7:57um if it is
8:01not Because sometimes if it is bas on
8:03our desire
8:05Then may mga
8:08pagkakataon na magiging hindi siya Tama
8:11for example if your desire your
8:15emotion is out of anger right and you
8:19want to post it in social media because
8:21you want to post it because you are
8:23angry on Des
8:29make that person miserable or your
8:33desire is para masiraan yung
8:36tao or para mapahiya yung tao or para
8:40masampal sa kanya na talagang kailangan
8:43niyang masampal sa social media right so
8:47sabi ni No
8:49wait that is not the real definition of
8:53freedom because the real definition of
8:55freedom is you have
8:59to
9:01use your
9:05reasoni because you have the
9:08capability to use your
9:12mind in that particular
9:17situation ba sabi ng ni aristotel and
9:20also that we are rational beings
9:30descontrol
9:32mo saip gamitin mo ang iyong rason or
9:37iyong
9:38pag-iisip kasi ito ang meron lang at
9:41meron sayo na wala sa ibang
9:47beings so for him freedom is an inherent
9:54right only freedom is an inherent
10:00inherent means
10:02Nam nandan
10:04nao kaya gan po kaimportante sa kanya
10:08yung freedom of course together with
10:12reason because this
10:16two mga capability or ability na meron
10:21tayo in order to
10:25use order to
10:28use
10:30make the best moral decision in
10:35life another example
10:39is Nakita mo yung tao na
10:43nalunod
10:45pero yung tao na iyon ay hate mo okay if
10:51you use your desire okay and use your
10:55emotions You might end up not helping
10:58that person right but according to to
11:02kant I think you have to
11:04exert an effort to control your desire
11:07and use your reason whether to help this
11:11person or
11:15not so what k is saying to us is Gamitin
11:19natin yung isip
11:21natin
11:23Okay Hwag tayong
11:26magdesisyon na ang ginagamit natin lang
11:29ay yung ating Emotions and
11:32desires we have to make our
11:35decision through the use of
11:38our rationality or
11:42reason so We are done with the
11:44definition of freedom now for since This
11:48is the definition of freedom for him
11:51freedom is
11:53autonomy
11:55autonomy Okay I repeat Freedom for is
11:59conected to autonomy autonomy from from
12:04the word autos means s andom means
12:08law and it it means self
12:12law here in
12:15autonomy you are what we call self
12:18legislator You are the one who
12:23legislate and you have to according to
12:27moral principles
12:29that your reason determines Okay kasi
12:32self legislator ka
12:35nga autonomy is different from
12:39heteronomy because
12:41heteronomy comes from the word heteros
12:45or other or means law it means other law
12:51so ang kaibahan po nila ay
12:55heteronomy
12:57force from Or from other people or even
13:01from your desire
13:04Okay na nag-udyok SAO na gumawa ng isang
13:07bagay kasi ang heteronomy is acting
13:10based on personal desires external
13:13rewards or commands from others
13:17Ayan so itong definition na ito ng
13:23heteronomy ay hindi ikaw yung
13:26nagdedesisyon ang nagdedesisyon dito ay
13:30yung iba yung disarm mo or nakadepende
13:34ka lang sa external
13:36rewards Hindi naman talaga ikaw
13:39yun pero ang
13:42autonomy ikaw ang
13:44nagdesisyon kasi gagamitin gagamitin mo
13:47ng isip mo naintindihan mo yung isang
13:50bagay at nag-base ka based on your
13:54reason at
13:56hindi ka nag-base sa kung anong sinasabi
14:00ng iba autonomy is not doing what you
14:03want okay it is not doing kung ano yung
14:07gusto mong gawin Later on makikita natin
14:10yan but sinasabi ni K that ang autonomy
14:14is you have your moral principles and
14:18you use your reason for it and because
14:21you
14:22understood that moral principles you are
14:25also the one who will legislate it you
14:31the Forces coming from
14:34outside I hope
14:38natin because Later on we will connect
14:40it to our to his idea
14:44of moral
14:46[Musika]
14:50philosophy so defines autonomy as self
14:55governance according to rational moral
14:58law in his words sabi niya autonomy of
15:02the will is the property of the Will by
15:06which It is a law to itself
15:10independently of any property of the
15:12objects
15:13oration
15:15yan matatagpuan natin siya sa groundwork
15:18of the metaphysics of morals now to
15:22further understand
15:24that
15:27Okay ito yung
15:30summary ng concept of freedom according
15:36to unang-una individuals have the right
15:40to choose one's conduct based on reason
15:43not desire okay if you
15:47use if you do a particular conduct make
15:50sure that it is based on your reason not
15:53on your desire namang definition freedom
15:58and believe that individuals have to
16:00abide by the rules that they follow Okay
16:05kasi kayo nga ay autonomous You are the
16:07one who will Uh based on your moral
16:11principles to follow it and to abide
16:14with
16:15it so people are free to cohabit with
16:19each other's Freedom under the universal
16:22law without being constrained by the
16:25choices of others ibig sabihin
16:29Hindi lang naman ikaw ang free sa isang
16:32society lahat ng tao sa society should
16:35be free and you have to cohabit with
16:38their Freedom as long as hindi mo sila
16:41hindi mo tinatapakan yung freedom ng
16:44ibang tao
16:45okay You Make your choice they are also
16:48rational being an autonomous then all of
16:51you are autonomous in that
16:53society then Ano ba yung universal law
16:56according to universal law Later on
16:58pag-usapan natin yan maintindihan natin
17:00yan when we connect it to his idea of
17:03moral
17:05morality so equality is the first and
17:08foremost among the various freedoms and
17:11freedom is the only inherent poweran ang
17:14sinabi we have equality and we have to
17:17be
17:18equal but and in other and in other
17:22Thing We should be
17:24free an
17:27autonomous of the
17:29to happ in their own way an intervention
17:32of other's freedom ex simplifies forcing
17:35other to be happy So parang sinabi ni na
17:40lahat naman tayo Free
17:42pero Hwag mong i-impose sa
17:45iba yung yung kung anong dapat nilang
17:49gawin kasi
17:51heteronomous kasi you are not helping
17:53them to be free but you want them you
17:56force them to be free according to your
17:59according to them so pero sinabi ni kant
18:02na hindi mo dapat kontrolin yung iba
18:05kasi meron din silang sariling pag-iisip
18:08Okay kasi if you make a a particular
18:11decision for them then they are not
18:14autonomous anymore so parang sinabi ni
18:16freed ni kant about that yan ung Ibig
18:19niyang sabihin
18:22okay now Let us connect it to his idea
18:25of his philosophy on morality
18:29Okay kasi hindi talaga natin pwedeng
18:31hindi iconnect e kasi yung kanina yung
18:34universal universal law kailangan nating
18:37maintindihan dito why you have to act
18:40according to
18:41the idea of the universal law but First
18:45of all kailangan mo ng pag-usapan yung
18:47integrity and
18:48Duty so naniniwala si that good will a
18:52virtue desirable under difficult
18:55circumstances is a Duty Driven willo
18:58ibig sabihin ng goodwill okay sabi ni K
19:03goodwill is good This is a good
19:07action without any qualification Okay it
19:11is the highest k kung kung aristotelian
19:14it is the highest good right sa kanya
19:17naman ito yung dapat sundin ang lahat
19:20kasi pag Sundin mo to
19:22Ay ano talaga siya magiging maganda yung
19:25action mo or good action so the other
19:30um word for Good will is good motive
19:34right okay yung Iyung inten natin but
19:38according to
19:40this
19:42Okay we can only do or matumbok natin
19:47yyung
19:50goodwill when we when we do our Duty
19:53Okay kasi Duty Driven
19:55siya So kasi ba naka ano dito is Duty so
20:00Duty arises from an agent's
20:03voluntariness to uphold moral law even
20:06if it limits them sometimes Kasi okay
20:09nalimitahan
20:11tayo sa pulisiya or batas na iyan pero
20:15kailangan natin siyang gawin kasi it is
20:17our Duty to do that okay kahit na
20:20sometimes um sinasabi ng desire natin
20:24that we we should not do that
20:26right at nalimitahan yung ating
20:29tinatawag na Freedom for example You are
20:31a student Okay sometimes it is
20:35Uh nakakaano siya Nakakapagod siya or
20:39Nakakatamad na pumasok ng 7:00 in the
20:42morning but because it is your Duty to
20:44do
20:46that then you have to do it right even
20:49if it limits your
20:52desire when an agent acts in accordance
20:55with their obligation Okay there is
21:00more than conflicting inclinations yun
21:03ung sinabi ko kanina okay a person who
21:07is free is to do his
21:09Duty because doing your Duty is in
21:13accordance with Good will
21:15Okay parang ganon
21:18y
21:19so you do your obligation even if it is
21:24in conflict with your inclinations orung
21:28desires mo yung Emotions na meron ka so
21:32gaya yun ng sinabi ko kanina example
21:35about doon sa isang estudyante Okay
21:40demonstrating the importance of duty in
21:42morality so Kay kasi
21:46um to be moral is to do your Duty Gan
21:49lang so maintindihan natin yan Later on
21:52dito sa slide
21:56Okay ayan
21:59dito napasok yung idea ni K na
22:01categorical
22:03imperative okay ang categ categorical
22:07imperative
22:09ay hindi siya kaparehas or opposite
22:13siya hypothetical imperative kasi ang
22:16hypothetical imperative very conditional
22:19siya ang categorical imperative is
22:22walang condition for exle kung hpal
22:25imperative is in order to Get Higher
22:29I have to study
22:30hard so ang ang ang ang pag ang ang pag
22:35study
22:36hard
22:38is ano lang siya means to an end which
22:42is to get a high grade Okay kasi meron
22:45kang desire do meron kang desire do kasi
22:49Nagaral ka lang naman ng mabuti kasi at
22:51the end meron reward is high
22:56grade hypothetical
22:59I have to
23:01study in order to get hybrid Okay
23:04conditional
23:06yan while categorical imperative
23:10is I have to get I have to study I
23:15should
23:18study so para
23:24kay para kay
23:30morality is in a form of a command kaya
23:34imperative siya kaya nga imperative
23:37siya So ang ang ating
23:40freedom ang ating
23:43Freedom as a moral Agent is connected to
23:47idea of of morality because we have to
23:51use this freedom and Our
23:53freedom is in a form of a command right
23:59in a form of aan bakit Kasi nga ano it
24:03is an order to to be
24:06moral I am free to be moral but you have
24:10to be moral and that morality or moral
24:14action is based on a command kagaya
24:17kanina and it is based on all Duty as
24:20well now ito yun Ito yung hypothetical
24:24at saka yung categorical imperative na
24:27sinabi ko kanina
24:29ang categorical imperative is a command
24:31that dictates actions in all
24:34situations regardless of our desires or
24:37needs for example do not ste Okay walang
24:41condition dito do not ste lang
24:44hypothetical imperative is to tell us
24:46what we should do if we have certain
24:48desires for example if you need money
24:51work for it or if you want orange juice
24:55ask for it so meron siyang kison so para
24:59kay kant yyung kanyang deontological
25:01ethics is categorical imperative it is
25:05an order right so Dito
25:08naman we need to connect
25:12Okay yyung idea of
25:16freedom yyung idea niya of morality to
25:20autonomy so
25:22second meron siyang formula of autonomy
25:26so k provides multiple formulations of
25:29the categorical
25:30imperative at isa dito sa formulation ng
25:34categorical imperative ni K ay yung the
25:38formula of autonomy Okay sinasabi dito
25:42sa the formula of autonomy that the idea
25:44of the will of every rational being as a
25:47will that
25:58dito that our
26:02Freedom as part of the formulation of
26:05the categorical
26:06imperative has to make
26:09sure
26:11that it is connected to what we call the
26:15idea of the universal
26:18law because we have freedom we are
26:21autonomous and and freedom to act but
26:25make sure that our Maxim or the
26:27principle
26:30actions can become universal yun ung
26:34sinabi
26:35ni Okay so Paano ito Ano ba yung
26:39universal na ito Ayan yung sinabi ko
26:43kanina meron tayong tinatawag na Maxim
26:46autonomous person as a free
26:49person yung yung Maxim is gaya ng sinabi
26:53ko kanina is principle behind our action
26:57ito yung idea ito yung mga mga nasa isip
27:01natin bago natin siya Gawin okay that is
27:05why sabi ni you are autonomous you self
27:10legislator you use your reason You are
27:13free because you're autonomous kagaya ng
27:16sinabi kanina pero You have to make sure
27:20na yung action mo can be moral in a
27:24sense that magiging moral lang siya if
27:27it can
27:28uniz that is why kanyang another
27:32formulation of categorical imperative is
27:35the formula of the universal law dito
27:38magkaalaman kung moral ang action mo out
27:41of freedom or
27:42h so SAO As if the Maxim of your actions
27:48to become your will a universal
27:53law In other words
27:58an autonomous
28:00person ay katanggap-tanggap ng karamihan
28:04isa na dito for example
28:08yung ano yung you barrow money from
28:13someone even if you know na hindi mo
28:16siya mababayaran Okay so ang ang Maxim
28:20ba na to can be can become universal or
28:25not Paano pag lahat gumagawa nito Paano
28:30agag lahat ng tao sa society ay
28:32nakakaranas nito Ano ba yung
28:34mararamdaman Nil right so Is it really
28:37possible or not parang hindi kasi Paano
28:41kung gumagawa ang lahat ng ganito or
28:45ginagawan ang ibang tao ng ganito so
28:48wala ng magtitiwala sa isa't isa
28:50therefore we can have a chaotic
28:54society So therefore kung hindi siya
28:57Mayon
28:58it is not
29:00moral What
29:02if giving Arms to the poor with bad
29:07intention
29:09okay sabi ni rin because according to
29:14his moral philosophy if you have a bad
29:16intention even if your action is good it
29:19will
29:21remain it
29:23will
29:25bad okay
29:28so pa when you give with good
29:32intention and when you give
29:35someone with good intention and you
29:38someone in
29:39need it will become universal because
29:42What if all people will help each other
29:45with good
29:46intention then it can be universal law
29:51therefore it is moral action
29:59so Dito naman pag-usapan natin yung
30:03autonomy in relation to human dignity
30:05okay Kasi kanina autonomy or freedom in
30:09relation to universal law but these are
30:13all part of the formulation of the
30:15categorical imperative
30:18right so crucial implication of canan
30:22autonomy is the intrinsic dignity of all
30:25rational
30:26beings since rational being is capable
30:29of self legislation okay dahil nga daw
30:32tayo capable of self legislation or we
30:35are
30:36autonomous they must be treated as ends
30:39in themselves never merely as a means to
30:42an end Okay Kaya nga sinabi ni K dito so
30:46act that you use humanity whether in
30:49your own person or in the person of any
30:52other always as the same time as an end
30:56never merely as a means
30:59In other
31:01words you have to use Your Freedom to
31:05treat others even Yourself with respect
31:10ganon lang siya ka
31:15kadali Your Freedom is
31:19connected to giving someone's respect
31:22and to give yourself
31:25respect because you are part
31:28community with autonomous
31:32beings
31:35Ayan we should not use our Freedom to
31:39treat others as an object of our
31:45desire because it is not an end we do
31:50not treat them as end but to treat them
31:53as means to an end
31:56[Musika]
31:58can't is
32:03saying as i interpret it okay according
32:06to my own
32:08interpretation but we can only use our
32:11Freedom to treat humanity with with
32:15dignity and
32:17respect because it is not a real Freedom
32:21or autonomous person to treat others
32:25without respect and dignity
32:31[Musika]
32:35So ano ba ang
32:38implication ng idea ni K yung k's
32:43autonomy for all of us
32:47Okay ito yung kahalagahan ng kanyang
32:50concept of
32:52freedom that
32:54Freedom also correlates
32:58responsibility since moral come From
33:01Within It came from us because we are
33:05autonomous autonomous Agents are fully
33:08responsible for their
33:10actions therefore you are fully
33:13responsible meron kang moral
33:17responsibility sa sarili mo at sa ibang
33:20tao and you are accountable and
33:22responsible for your actions
33:27it has also
33:30implications implication to freedom and
33:33morality so through Freedom for is not
33:37doing whatever one desires Okay Hindi po
33:41ito
33:42yung gagawin natin kung ano yung gusto
33:46lang nating gawin whatever na gusto
33:48nating gawin but it is acting according
33:51to rational moral
33:54la we have to act according to
33:58moral rational moral
34:01la so hindi ito
34:04yung gaya ng sinabi ko gawin natin kung
34:08ano lang yung gusto nating gawin hindi
34:10po to very libertarian siya hindi siya
34:13ganon
34:15ka against libertarian in a sense that
34:18um or or absolute freedom in a sense
34:22that kailangan tayong magabayan ng moral
34:25la kailangan sundin natin yung moral
34:28sometimes it limits our
34:33desire then it has also implication as
34:38basis for human rights Okay the view of
34:43autonomy or Freedom has been influential
34:46in modern discussions of human dignity
34:50ethics and political
34:53philosopy to conclude
34:58autonomy remains a foundational concept
35:01in moral
35:02philosophy okay that is
35:05why it is a foundation for moral acts
35:09Okay emphasizing rational self
35:12legislation okay emphasizing yung
35:15capacidad or abilidad natin na mag-isip
35:17at mag legislate sa sarili
35:20natin Duty and we have Duty and respect
35:23for human
35:24dignity despite criticism idea of moral
35:29autonomy continuous to influence
35:32contemporary debates and ethics
35:34political philosophy and human
35:39rights Okay so ito Iyung assessment
35:43natin okay a reflection paper you may
35:46also write your ideas in a comment
35:48sections Okay so that I can also read I
35:53can also read I'm interesting interested
35:55to read you know your ideas as well Why
35:59is freedom crucial in our ability to
36:02make moral
36:04decisions
36:06okay but you have to reflect it using
36:09what we have learned in
36:12kans Uh idea of freedom or
36:16autonomy So you may also ask questions
36:20in the comment sections at um I will try
36:24my best to read it and reply
36:30if have Sugg as you can write down and I
36:34willing them and
36:37know follow
36:40them so thank you so much everyone and
36:44thank you for watching