Full transcript
0:15好了开始上课 你们可以先记下这个网址 Well, you might as well start by writing down that URL.
0:22下课之前我也会再给你们时间记 I'll show it to you again at the end of class.
0:24课程摘要在那里 That's where the syllabus is.
0:27课程摘要基本上包含了 The syllabus will tell you
0:29这门课你需要知道的全部信息 pretty much everything you need to know about the class.
0:33这门课有一本教科书 The... there's a text.
0:38就是这本 This is it.
0:40它编选了很多书籍里的重点篇章 It consists of readings from a larger text.
0:44虽然这本书很旧了 但是正好 I use it because it's old, but
0:46因为我们要讲的很多理论也年代久远 a lot of the theorists that we are going to talk about are also old...
0:52所以用它当阅读材料 非常合适 ...and so I found this particular text accurate.
0:58而且 很多我们将会接触到的人物 And many of the people that we're going to talk about are very...
1:04对于人格有很高深的见地 ...have very sophisticated views of personality.
1:09所以 如果你不阅读一些同样高深的文章 And I think that it does you a disservice
1:12你可能很难领悟其中的精髓 unless you read something that's sufficiently sophisticated.
1:18但如果你读了 至少你能够 So that you actually understand, at least to some degree,
1:22大致明白他们的思维 what the people that we're going to study were talking about.
1:29我们也可能从人格的定义讲起 We might as well start, I suppose, with a definition of personality.
1:35但定义一个如此广阔的概念是很困难的 It's hard to define something that's that general because...
1:41因为当我们在探讨人类相关的话题时 When you're speaking about human beings,
1:43我们并不是简单地 it's not that simple to figure out
1:46区分开了人格与其他 what constitutes personality and what constitutes something else.
1:50所以我会从几个角度来切入讨论 But... So I'm going to hit at it from a couple of different perspectives
1:57与此同时 and while I'm doing so...
2:00我希望你也能仔细思考 I would like you also to consider
2:03你将学习的内容的本质 the nature of what you're going to learn.
2:09从根本上讲 人格深不可测 Human personality is, essentially, unfathomable.
2:14人类是极其复杂的 Human beings are unbelievable complicated
2:17而我们所处在的这个社会环境也是同等复杂的 and we're nested in systems that are also unbelievably complicated.
2:21人类大脑里 There are more patterns of connections
2:23神经连接模式的数量 between neurons in your brain than there are
2:26比全宇宙的亚原子粒子数 还要多 there are subatomic particles in the universe.
2:28多得多 by a substantial margin.
2:30详情可以查一下杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼 You can look up Gerald Edelman if you want to find out about that.
2:34所以 可以很合理地说 And so it's not unreasonable to point out that
2:39你自己比目前已知的任何事物 you're the most complicated thing we know of
2:42都要复杂的多得多 by many orders of magnitude.
2:45而你真正了解自己的概率 And the probability that you can understand yourself
2:50或是有任何总体认知的概率 都是非常低的 and anything approaching totality is extraordinarily low.
2:57也因此 有关人格的研究 So this makes the study of personality something
3:02是大胆 无望 又复杂的 daring and hopeless and complicated.
3:09我们将会讨论到很多理论学家 Now, we're going to cycle through a very large number of theorists...
3:13你会发现 ...and what you'll find is that
3:14尽管他们之间有相似之处 although there are commonalities between them,
3:16他们的理论还是非常不同的 there are marked differences.
3:20你可能会想 And so then you might ask yourself...
3:23呃 Well...
3:25如果这些理论学家都各执一词 What's the point of studying...
3:27那么 挨个学习这些理论 ...this sequence of theorists and ideas if...
3:30又有什么意义呢 ...there's no point of agreement between them?
3:35我的回答是 And I would say first:
3:36首先 争论之中 他们还是有共同点的 There are points of agreement between them.
3:39尽管 Although...
3:41人格学发展到现在 Personality hasn't advanced to the point,
3:43还没有一个 where I would say that we have a...
3:45毫无争议的统一理论 ...homogeneous theory that's free of internal contradictions.
3:51尽管如此 我还要说的是 But I would also say that...
3:55人格学本来就是一个多领域的学科 ...personality is a hybrid discipline.
4:00它有关科学 It's partly science...
4:02同时也有关工程学 ...but it's partly engineering.
4:06从临床的角度而言 我认为人格学更像工程学 The clinical element of it, I would say, is more like engineering,
4:09而工程师的工作就是构造事物 and what engineers do is try to do things.
4:12他们依据理论 They try to make something happen.
4:14将想法付之于行动 And they are informed by theory.
4:16但其行动的本意还是构造事物 But the point is still to build something.
4:20而当你真正从事于临床心理时 And when you're working as a clinical psychologist,
4:22我们将讨论到的理论学家中有1/3到1/2 and most of the initial theorists that we'll discuss, for the first...
4:26都属于临床理论学家 ...little more than a third to a half of the course, are clinical theorists.
4:31他们也在试图进行构建 They're trying to build something.
4:33但他们处理的是极其困难的 And they're dealing with very very difficult...
4:37概念层面的问题 因为 ...conceptual problems, because...
4:41他们在尝试着治愈精神疾病 ...they're either trying to cure mental disorders
4:44或甚至是不幸福 or maybe even unhappiness...
4:46也在努力为患者重拾健康 ...and trying to bring about health...
4:49可问题在于 And the problem with that is that...
4:52从科学的角度来讲 It's not a straightforward thing
4:54我们没法确切定义精神疾病 to define a mental disorder from a scientific perspective...
4:59因为精神层面的健康与否 ...because what's healthy, mentally, and what's not...
5:03一部分是社会审判 ...is partly social judgment.
5:07一部分是社会构建 ...and it's partly socially constructed.
5:10一部分与常规有关 And it partly has to do with norms...
5:13一部分与理想有关...and it partly has to do with ideals,
5:15正如你可能会说 because you might also say that...
5:18健康的状态就是正常的状态 ...to be healthy is to be normal.
5:20你也可能会说 健康状态是一种理想状态 But you could also say that to be healthy is to be ideal.
5:24那么紧接着 你会陷入一个困境 And then, of course, you run into the problem
5:26你需要概念化什么是理想状态 of having to conceptualize an ideal.
5:30但其实 And it isn't self-evident
5:32科学并不能很好地形成‘理想’这一概念 that science is capable of conceptualizing an ideal...
5:37因为理想状态更属于道德判断领域 ...because ideals tend to fall into the domain of moral judgments,
5:42或哲学层面的判断 而不是科学判断的范畴 say, or philosophical judgments rather than scientific judgments per se.
5:51所以我想对你说的是 So what I would say to you is that...
5:55在探索这门课时 It would be worthwhile to approach this course
5:59请把自己想像成人类灵魂的工程师 as if you were an engineer of the human spirit.
6:03起初你是自己灵魂的工程师 An engineer of your own spirit, to begin with...
6:07当你开始与他人交流 ...but also an engineer of the spirits of other people...
6:12你也会是他人灵魂的工程师 ...because, as you interact with other people...
6:15因为不可避免地 你向他们传达你想要的 和不想要的 ...you inevitably tell them what you want and what you don't want.
6:21当他们给予你 你想要的或是你欣赏的 When they give you what you want and what you admire...
6:25你会积极地对他们作出回应 ...you respond positively to them,
6:27你会将注意力转向他们 你会微笑 会变得专注 you pay attention to them, you smile at them, you focus...
6:31你会把思想集中在他们身上 会与他们互动 You focus your thoughts on them, you interact with them.
6:35你也会因为他们的某个行为方式 And you reward them...
6:37而给予他们奖励 ...for acting in a particular manner,
6:40而他们的表现与你的意愿不相符时 and when they don't respond the way that you want,
6:43你会惩罚他们 then you punish them...
6:44你会露出不快的表情 会疏远这个人 或拒绝他们的友谊 ...with a look or by turning away or by rejecting their friendship or,
6:49如果是孩童时期 你会拒绝跟他们一起玩 when you're a child, by refusing to play with them.
6:53正因此 And so...
6:56我们在同时塑造自己与他人的人格 We're engaged in the co-creation of personalities, our own and others...
7:01这又带我们回到了之前的问题 ...and that also brings up the same question:
7:07我们一同努力想要达成和创造的 究竟是什么 What is it that we are all collectively trying to be and trying to create?
7:17我相信你们都曾在理想面前意识到自己的不足 I suspect that you all have the experience of falling short of the ideal,
7:23无论这个理想是你自己提出的 还是他人对你提出的 ...an ideal that you hold for yourself or an ideal that other people hold for you.
7:28我相信 你们也都 I suspect that you all
7:30曾体会过那种达不到理想后失败的感觉 feel the negative consequences of falling short of that ideal.
7:36弗洛伊德的理论是 Freud would conceptualize that
7:38当超我对本我进行审判时 as the super-ego imposing its judgment on ego,
7:44你是那个本我 you being the ego,
7:45而超我是一个混合体 ...the super-ego being... a hybrid, I suppose, of...
7:52是外界因素 ...external forces
7:54和 你内化后的外界审判因素 的混合体 and also your internalization of those judgments and forces.
8:04对于人格本身 我认为 Now, personality per se, I would say...
8:10它既有这些理想元素 ...has these elements of ideal...
8:14又有结构上的元素 ...and has structural elements as well,
8:17在下半部分课程里 我们会对这些有更多的探讨 and we're going to talk about those more in the second half of the class.
8:21结构元素能更科学地排列和描绘 The structural elements can be lined up and outlined more scientifically.
8:27下半部分课程侧重于生理心理学 The second half of the class concentrates more on physiology
8:32大脑生理学 —brain physiology
8:34和以统计学方法进行的人格分析 —and on statistical approaches to the description of personality.
8:39你可能认为刚刚我所述的 就是大概的课程范畴了 Um... I suppose you might say that that outlines the territory.
8:45这门课的全称是《人格及其转变》 因为The course is called Personality and Its Transformations, because...
8:50我们每个人都拥有人格 它构成了现在的你 We have personalities—that's who you are now
8:53但人格也会转变 —but our personalities are also capable of transformation, of change.
8:59显然 我们将转变理解为学习的结果 I mean, obviously we think about that as learning.
9:03它可以是对事实知识的学习 Um... some of that might be regarded as factual learning...
9:08也可以是 and some of it might be regarded as
9:11学习如何感知和行动 learning how to perceive and behave.
9:15课程开始时 我们将 And I would say that
9:16接触到的临床心理学家们 the clinical psychologists that we'll cover, to begin with,
9:23更加关注 ...are much more concerned with
9:26使我们形成感知和行为的 the nature of the implicit structures that shape your perceptions,
9:31那些隐形结构的本质 ...and also the implicit structures that shape your behaviors
9:37以及它们如何与你的 and how they're integrated in relationship
9:41负面情绪 和 身心健康相互作用 to your negative emotion health and well-being,
9:45相对的 下半程我们会接触到的学者们 ...whereas the thinkers in the second half are more concerned about...
9:51会直接列出那些结构元素 ...laying out the structural elements of those features
9:54并将它们与潜在的机械式现象联系起来 and relating them to underlying, say, mechanistic phenomena,
9:59他们会假设 ...making the assumption, which seems warranted,
10:02你的人格和你的大脑运作模式 that there's some relationship between your personality
10:06紧密相关 and the manner in which your brain functions.
10:09我将试着为你提供一种元叙述 I'm going to try to provide you with a meta-narrative
10:15帮助你连接这些不同的理论 that will help you to unite these different theories.
10:19我发现当我尝试记忆时 I've often found it useful when I'm trying to remember something
10:22用故事连接事实 会事半功倍 to have a story to hang the facts on,
10:25不然的话 你就只能 ...otherwise you're faced with
10:26死记硬背 the necessity of doing nothing but memorization, and...
10:29而我认为 ...it isn't obvious to me that
10:31死记硬背并不能让你获取真正的知识 memorization actually constitutes knowledge.
10:34嗯 Um...
10:35真正组成知识的 What constitutes knowledge is that
10:37是生成一个认知结构 generation of a cognitive structure that enables you to...
10:42来帮助你更好地生活 ...conduct yourself more appropriately in life.
10:46换句话说 一门心理学的课 And so I suppose you might say that a course in psychology—
10:50尤其是人格心理学课程 You could argue that a course in psychology, especially in personality,
10:54是有关应有智慧的课程 ...is a course in applied wisdom as well,
10:57如果说智慧 一定程度上来说 ...assuming that wisdom is, in part,
11:00就是对自身的理解 如此一来 your capacity to understand yourselves, so that you don't—
11:04你就可以减少一些 —so that you don't present
11:06使人无法忍受的对自身的不解 too much of an intolerable mystery to yourself,
11:09你也可以更好地了解他人 ...and also to understand others so that you can...
11:13以预测他们的行为 ...predict their behavior,
11:16并理解他们的动机 ...understand their motivations,
11:18与他们协商 ...negotiate with them,
11:20倾听他们 ...listen to them,
11:22与他们合作 ...and formulate joint games with them,
11:26由此你可以更好地 ...so that you can integrate yourself reasonably well
11:29融入他人的生活 融入家庭与社会 with another person and with a family and in society.
11:39人格的结构元素 则可以被视为 Well, the structural elements of personality might be regarded as
11:43主导你认知 使你倾向做出特定行为的 the implicit structures that govern your perception,
11:48隐式结构 ...and that tilt you towards certain kinds of behaviors.
11:51我给你举个例子吧 I can give you some examples
11:53我们可以简单探讨一下五大性格特质 —we can talk about the big five model just briefly.
11:58五大性格特质是一个统计模型 The big five personality model is a statistical model,
12:01在下半程的课程里 which we'll cover in detail, trait by trait,
12:05我们会就每个人格特质进行详细讲解 ...partly during the second half of the course.
12:08五大性格特质 The way that the big five was generated was that...
12:12大约在五十年前提出 ..its trait been generated over about fifty years...
12:15人格心理学家们先是 ...that personality psychologists gathered together adjectives
12:20竭尽所能收集了 within the English language first that
12:22英语里所有形容人的词 were used to describe human beings,
12:25有多少收集多少 ...as many adjectives that they could collect,
12:29然后对它们进行因子分析 ...and then subjected them to a process called factor analysis,
12:32简而言之 因子分析就是通过统计的方法来确定 ...and what factor analysis does is enable you statistically to determine...
12:35不同形容词之间的相似性 ...in some sense how similar adjectives are to one another.
12:37比如说 So, for example,
12:41如果你给一千个人形容词列表 ...if you gave a thousand people a list of adjectives
12:47让他们形容自己 to describe themselves with,
12:49其中一个形容词是开心 ...and one of the adjectives was happy
12:51另一个是喜爱社交 and another of the adjectives was social,
12:54你就会发现 那些认为自己比较开心的人 ...you'd find that those who rated themselves high on happy
12:58也会认为自己比较喜爱社交 would also rate themselves high on social,
13:01而那些认为自己比较不开心的人 ...and those who rated themselves low on happy
13:03也会认为自己比较不善于社交 would also rate themselves low on social.
13:06通过分析共变模式 你就能确定 And by looking at those patterns of co-variation, you can determine...
13:10人格的基础维度是哪些 ...what the essential dimensions are of human personality.
13:15其中一个维度粗略来讲是开心 One of the dimensions is roughly happiness.
13:19既外向性 That's extraversion.
13:20另一个维度是情绪不稳定性 它是一个负面的情绪维度 Another dimension is neuroticism. It's a negative emotion dimension.
13:26所以 如果你问别人 他们是不是感到焦虑 So, if you ask someone if they're anxious,
13:29在1到7的量表上 他们的指数很高 and they score high, say, on a scale of one to seven,
13:33那么他们的另一个量表数很可能显示 ..they're also likely to score high on another item
13:35他们是难过的 that says that they're sad.
13:38事实上 坏情绪会物以类聚 And it turns out that negative emotions clump together.
13:42那些更多地感受到某种坏情绪的人 And so that people who experience more of one negative emotion
13:45会有更高的倾向拥有所有坏情绪 have a propensity to experience more of all of them.
13:49还有一个维度叫宜人性 There's another dimension called agreeableness.
13:52宜人者更愿意牺牲自我 And agreeable people are self-sacrificing,
13:56具有同情心 且有礼貌 compassionate, and polite.
13:59如果你面对的是一个宜人者 If you're dealing with an agreeable person
14:01那么他们不喜欢冲突 会关心他人 —they don't like conflict, they care for other people.
14:05如果你面对的是一个宜人者 Um, if you're dealing with an agreeable person,
14:09他们容易把你的需求放在他们自己的需求前面 they're likely to put your concerns ahead of theirs,
14:12他们不爱竞争 有合作精神 ...they're non-competitive and cooperative.
14:15在这个维度上 女性一般会 Uh, it's a dimension where women are—
14:18比男性指数要高 各种文化里皆是如此 women score more highly than men on agreeableness across cultures,
14:22即便是在平等方面 ...including those cultures where the largest steps have been taken
14:26非常进步的社会环境 也是如此 towards producing an egalitarian social circumstance,
14:30就比如西北欧 ...like Scandinavia actually.
14:31那里的性别性格差异 The gender differences in personality there
14:33比别的地方都要大 are larger there than they are anywhere else.
14:36嗯 Um...
14:37另一个维度是尽责性 Another trait is conscientiousness.
14:40尽责是个非常好的特质 它能让你学习好 Conscientiousness is an excellent trait if you want to do well in...
14:43工作强 尤其是 ...in school, and in work,
14:46如果你是经理或管理层 especially if you're a manager or an administrator.
14:49我不能说我们对于尽责性 I can't say we understand a lot
14:51了解得很全面 但 about conscientiousness, although it...
14:52无论在哪个国家进行形容词分子分析...it reliably emerges from factor analytic studies of
14:55它都会持续出现 adjective groups across different countries.
14:58尽责的人勤奋刻苦又有条理 Conscientious people are diligent, industrious, and orderly.
15:02对了 他们的条理性会使他们的政治观念会偏右翼 Their orderliness tilts them towards political conservatism, by the way,
15:05因为你天生的性情 ...because it turns out that your in-built temperament,
15:08和天生的性格 your in-built personality,
15:10会自动过滤你看到的世界 ...which constitutes a set of filters through which you view the world...
15:14也会调适你处理信息的方法 ...also alters the manner in which you process information,
15:19由此影响到你投票时的思路 ...and influences the way that you vote.
15:21可以这么说 而我也同意这点 And so you might say, and I do believe that this is true,
15:24因为这些年我们做了很多相关研究 ...our—we've been doing a lot of research on this as of late:
15:30即 你测量政治观点的方法越精准 The more accurate a measure you take of someone's political beliefs,
15:34你就越会发现人的性格预示着其政治倾向 the more you find that personality is what's predicting them.
15:37而我也认同这个观点 因为你想一想 And I think that's a reasonable thing to think about, because, you know,
15:42人都需要用一些方法来简化这个世界 You have to—you have to figure out ways of simplifying the world,
15:45说到底 一个人没法大包大揽 right, because you just can't do everything.
15:47正因如此 才有了领域分化 And so, people are specialized.
15:49每个人都有属于自己的领域 They have specialized niches that they occupy.
15:52你可以把这些想成不同的社会领域 You could think about them as social niches.
15:54在那个小社会领域里 A niche is a place where your particular skills
15:56你的一技之长能让你存活下来 would serve to maintain you.
15:58如果你很外向 你就会主动寻找一个社会化领域 And so if you're extraverted, you're going to look for a social niche,
16:03因为你喜欢与人相处 ...because you like to be around people.
16:04而如果你比较内向 And if you're introverted,
16:05你就会花更多时间独处 you're going to spend much more time on your own.
16:07就比如说 一个内向的人 And so, if you're an introverted person, for example,
16:09就不会想做销售 ...you're gonna want a job where you're not selling,
16:13因为你不想处于人群之中 ...and where you're not surrounded by groups of people
16:15迎合那些需要你使用社交礼仪的人 who are making social demands on you all the time,
16:17因为那会使你筋疲力尽...because it will wear you out.
16:19而如果你很外向 那正是你想要的 Whereas if you're extraverted, that's just exactly what you want.
16:22在外向者的眼里 世界充满了社交的好机会 And so the extravert sees the world as a place of social opportunity.
16:27而对于内向者 他们只想 And the introvert sees the world as a place to
16:29逃离尘世 花时间独处 retreat from and spend time alone.
16:32这两种生活方式都是合理的 And it turns out that both of those modes of being are valid,
16:37问题在于 ...that the issue, at least to some degree
16:38你是否足够幸运 is whether or not you're fortunate enough...
16:41能将自己的性情与环境需要匹配起来 ...to match your temperament with the demands of the environment.
16:44以及 你是否足够幸运 And I suppose also whether you're fortune enough—fortunate enough—
16:48出生在一个特定的时代 so that you're born in an era
16:50这个时代拥有能让你有用武之地的专属领域 where there actually is a niche for your particular temperament.
16:53并不是每一个人都如此幸运 Because it isn't necessarily the case that that will be the case.
16:57想象一下 这些性格维度 Imagine that all of these temperamental dimensions
17:00都会因演化压力而改变 vary because of evolutionary pressure, right?
17:03不同人的外向程度形成了正态分布 So there's a distribution of extraversion, a normal distribution.
17:07大部分人都处于中间位置 你越往两端走 Most people are somewhere in the middle and then as you go out
17:10分布的人就越少 towards the extremes there are fewer and fewer people.
17:13也就是说 在一个很广的时间范围里 And what that means is that, on average across large spans of time,
17:18那个分布上的每一个位置 ...there have been environments that
17:20所相对应的环境 都曾出现过 match every single position on that distribution,
17:23但大部分环境还是趋近于中间位置..with most of the environments matching the center,
17:26不然我们也不会演化成这样了 because otherwise we wouldn't have evolved that way.
17:28所以有时候 极度外向能让你在少数环境和领域下 And so sometimes being really extraverted is going to work well for you
17:32如鱼得水 in a minority of environments—a minority of niches,
17:35但有些时候 这种性格可能是种灾难 ...and sometimes it's just going to be a catastrophe.
17:37比如说 如果你生在一个暴君专制的社会 I suspect, for example, that if you live in a tyrannical society,
17:42任何表现 where any sign of...
17:44表现 ...of... of... of...
17:47你倾向于个人活动的迹象 都可能给你带来麻烦 ...personally oriented activities likely to get you in trouble,
17:50外向又神经大条 ...that being extraverted and low in neuroticism
17:54可能不会很有益 因为 wouldn't be a very good idea, because...
17:56你会爱夸夸其谈 很活泼 …you're going to be mouthy and happy and saying a lot of things,
17:59守不住自己的想法 unable to keep your thoughts to yourself,
18:01你也会比较无畏 ...and you're going to be relatively fearless.
18:02我不能完全确定 Now, I don't know that for sure,
18:04因为我们还没有做过相关实验 because we haven't done the studies that
18:06来精准匹配性格倾向与环境要求 precisely match temperamental proclivity to environmental demand,
18:10但你应该理解我的意思了 ...but you get what I mean.
18:12所以 So...
18:14尽责的人 Conscientious people, anyways—
18:16比较勤奋 有条理 conscientious people are industrious and orderly.
18:20对于条理性 我们稍微了解一些 We know a little bit about orderliness.
18:22虽然听起来很奇怪 但它似乎与厌恶敏感度有关 It seems to be associated, strangely enough, with disgust sensitivity,
18:26不过也没那么出人意料 ...which I suppose isn't that surprising, you know.
18:29你让一个有条理的人呆在一个混乱的厨房 You take an orderly person, and you put them in a messy kitchen,
18:32他们肯定会感到厌恶 ...they respond with disgust
18:34只想赶快把它 and want nothing more than to
18:37整理好 清理干净 straighten it all out and organize it and clean it
18:39条理性也分很多种 And there's tremendous variability in orderliness.
18:42嗯 Um...
18:43我之前说过 条理性能预测政治右翼倾向 And as I said, orderliness predicts political conservatism.
18:46它不是唯一的决定项 但至少是一项 It's not the only thing, but it's certainly one of the things.
18:49嗯 Um...
18:53尽责性和成绩的相关系数是0.4 The correlation between conscientiousness and grades is about 0.4.
18:58既16%的可解释变量 That's about sixteen percent of the variance.
19:00它是排在智商之后第二精准的预测大学成绩的变量 it's the second best predictor of university grades after intelligence,
19:05这门课里 我们也会探讨智商 ...and we'll talk about intelligence during this course, too.
19:08相对而言 智商是一个比较直白的概念 Intelligence is actually a relatively straightforward concept.
19:11今天不会讲到它 I don't think I'll get into it today, but...
19:14尽责的人 他们的勤奋和 Conscientious people—they're industriousness
19:16有条理性会让他们好好规划时间 and their orderliness makes them schedule their time,
19:19从而有效利用时间 ...so they make efficient use of their time.
19:20他们会使用日程表之类的工具 They use schedules and that sort of thing.
19:23目前为止 我们还没找到 We haven't been able to figure out anything about
19:25勤奋背后的生理心理基础 the underlying biology or psychology of industriousness.
19:29我们真的做过很多测试 We've tried, really, dozens and dozens of tests,
19:33想找到一个勤奋者会有优良表现的实验室指标 ...attempting to find a laboratory measure on which
19:36但我们完败了 industrious people do better, and we failed completely.
19:40动物行为里 也没有可参考的模型 And there's no animal models of industriousness, either.
19:42也因此 这依然是性格心理学的 And so, I would say it's a great mystery that
19:44一个未解之谜 remains at the heart of trait psychology.
19:47嗯 Um...
19:48也许这种特质是人类特有的 And maybe it's a human-specific category, you know, I mean,
19:51或许你会说雪橇犬很勤奋 ...you could think of sled dogs maybe of being industrious, and maybe—
19:54或者是牧羊犬 或是其他干活的动物 ...and maybe sheep dogs and animals that work like that,
19:57但毕竟它们经受过了人类的训练 but of course they've been trained by human beings, so...
19:59而且动物的勤奋与人类的勤奋并不相同 ...but, it isn't obvious that animals are industrious the same way we are.
20:04勤奋包含了 为了未来而牺牲现在 I mean, industriousness involves sacrificing the present for the future.
20:09大致是这样 Something like that.
20:10这也就意味着 你必须要 And it seems like you have to be able to
20:13有能力理解时间概念 才能为了未来牺牲现在 conceptualize time in order to sacrifice the present for the future.
20:17说到勤奋 我会建议你 One of the things that I would recommend that you do as students,
20:22作为这门课的学生 um, in this course,
20:23不过这对每门课都适用 ...and maybe in every course, speaking of industriousness, is:
20:27为攻克这门课立一个计划 Come up with a plan of attack for the course,
20:29使用日程表 and use a scheduler, you know.
20:31如果你能把大学课程当作一门全职工作 If you treat your university career like a full-time job,
20:35你会更容易成功 you're much more likely to succeed, and,
20:38如果你能坚持阅读 ...if you keep up on the readings,
20:40坚持写论文 和其他所有练习 and you keep up on the essays and all of that,
20:43那么你不会落下课程进度 ...then you're much less likely as well to fall into despair
20:48也不会感到太绝望 when you get too far behind...
20:50用谷歌日历或者类似的工具 ...using a Google Calendar or something like that
20:52来为整个学期作计划 to organize a schedule for the entire semester...
20:55学期伊始的这一举动会让你受益匪浅 ...at the beginning of the semester can be invaluable,
20:58尤其如果你不太勤奋的话 especially if you're not very industrious,
21:02因为它能让你处于学习的正轨 ...because it can keep you on track,
21:04而对于勤奋的人 我们所知的一点是 ...and one of the things we know about industrious people
21:06他们很善于使用日程表 is that they are very good at using schedules,
21:08并计划如何利用时间 ...and at planning the use of their time,
21:11我当然希望你们都变聪明些 ...and so, I would like to say that you should all be smarter,
21:15但我不知道怎样能让你们更聪明 but I don't know how you could be smarter.
21:17对于如何提高智力 我们一无所知 We don't know anything about how to improve intelligence,
21:20对于提高勤奋度 ...and, I suppose we don't really know anything
21:22我们也是一无所知 about how to improve industriousness, either,
21:24但我能告诉你的是 那些勤奋的人 ...but I can tell you that people who are industrious
21:27会针对未来即将遇到的问题 come up with a strategy...
21:29主动制定策略 ...for solving the problem that's ahead of them,
21:31并竭尽全力 坚持那个策略 and then they do whatever they can to stick to the strategy,
21:34所以 假如今天或明天 ...and so, for example, if you sat down,
21:36你花几个小时 坐下来 today or tomorrow, for a couple of hours—
21:39用谷歌日历 或是其他 ...three hours—and you filled in a Google Calendar
21:43你用的日程工具 —whatever you happen to use—
21:44制定一个学习策略 with a strategy for studying,
21:46标记出你所有作业和考试的截止日期 and a list of when all your assignments are due and all of that,
21:50以及你为它们规划的学习时间 ...and when you're going to sit down and study
21:52这样一来 你就不用担心 then you won't be in the position where you have to crammed for
21:56重大考试的前几天 ten hours a day, hopelessly, right before
21:59绝望地抱佛脚了 ...you know, important exam
22:01而且抱佛脚是种效率非常低的学习方法 ...it's also very ineffective way of studying by the way
22:04首先 那些抱佛脚的人 I mean, first of all people who cram for ten hours
22:06虽然声称自己疯狂学习了10小时 但其实他们并没有真的在持续学习 say they're studying for ten hours, but they rarely are because, well...
22:12连我都不能持续学习10小时 I can't study for ten hours
22:14我没有能力 I don't have the power of concentration that
22:15高度集中注意力那么久 would enable me to do that for that prolonged period of time
22:18我最多能高度集中学习三小时 I can manage about three hours of intense intellectual activity
22:22然后我就耗尽精力了 before I'm pretty done
22:24另外 如果你学了又睡 and it's also the case that if you study and than sleep
22:27睡了再学 学了再睡 将学习分散开 and than study and then sleep, you space it out
22:31你更容易记住学习内容 then you much more likely to remember
22:33你也更可能 It's also much more likely that you're much more likely
22:36回想起看过的资料 to remember if you try to recall the material.
22:38划出重点什么的 其实没什么用 and so highlighting and that sort of thing isn't very useful
22:42用心读 然后合上书 总结复述你所读到的内容 but reading, closing the book, summarising what you've read
22:46不要偷看 这才是有用的 without opening the damn book, that's useful.
22:49因为 这样你是在锻炼回想的本领 and the reason for that is that you're practising remembering.
22:53而那才是你真正需要锻炼的 and that's what you have to practise.
22:55如果你想练习记忆力 你就需要锻炼回想 If you're practising memorisation, you have to practise remembering.
22:58而不是机械地重复背诵 You don't just go over the thing over and over;
23:01那只可能会增强你部分的识别记忆 that'll help you with recognition memory, some,
23:04但不会增强你的回想记忆 but it won't help you with recall memory.
23:06回到正题 最后一个性格特质是经验开放性 Anyways, the last trait is openness.
23:09经验开放性与创造力有关 Openness is a creativity trait.
23:11它与智力相关 It's also associated with intelligence, in that intelligent people
23:14这里具体我指的是智商 and I'm speaking technically of IQ,
23:16高智商的人有更高的创造力 这没什么出人意外的 tend to be higher in, tend to be more creative, which is hardly surprising,
23:22对了 创造力高的人政治上容易偏向自由派 Creative people are more likely to be liberal politically, by the way.
23:27他们喜欢风格独特的东西 喜爱美学 喜爱小说 They like novelty, they like aesthetics, they like fiction,
23:31他们喜欢电影 艺术 诗歌 they like movies, they like art, they like poetry.
23:34他们拥有对于美学的敏感度 There's something about them that grants them an aesthetic sensitivity.
23:40那是一种天生的特质 And that's an inbuilt trait.
23:43不是每个人都有创造力 It's not the case, by the way, that everyone's creative.
23:46事实上 有创造力的是少部分人 In fact, far from it.
23:48我们用创造力成就问卷 We've used the Creative Achievement Questionnaire to--
23:51来测量人们的创意度 --to measure people's creativity,
23:53这一部分我会在之后的课堂讲 and I'll talk to you about that later in the class.
23:55创造力成就问卷 And the Creative Achievement Questionnaire
23:57从13个维度测量创意 takes thirteen dimensions of creativity --
24:00比如写作 舞蹈 表演 科学研究 so, you know, writing, dancing, acting, scientific investigation,
24:04创业 建筑学 entrepreneurial activity, architectural activity,
24:09烹饪 cooking...
24:11唱歌 等等 there's a handful of others... singing, etc...
24:14总而言之 就是测量那些 you know, the sorts of things that
24:15人们能发挥创意的事情 you would assume that people could be creative about --
24:17人们需要在1到10的量表上 给出自己 and then it asks people to rate themselves on a scale from 1 to 10
24:22在那些创意领域的成就等级 on their level of achievement with regards to all those creative domains
24:270代表我没有接受过这方面的训练 也没有任何造诣 with zero being "I have no training or proficiency in this area,"
24:31结果显示 七成的人 and 70% of people score zero
24:34一个创意的专项都没有 across the entire Creative Achievement Questionnaire.
24:37只有很小一部分人 A tiny proportion of people are outliers, way out,
24:40同时在多个创意领域有所成就 and they're creative in many dimensions simultaneously.
24:43而且拥有高度创造力 Exceptionally creative.
24:45而这一现象 你会发现 It turns out, as you'll find out,
24:47被称为帕累托分布 that that pattern, which is called a Pareto distribution,
24:49这一分布里 大部分人都是零分 where most people stack up at zero
24:51而一小部分人又极为创意 and a few people are way out on the creative end
24:55很多事物都是这一分布 characterizes all sorts of distributions,
24:57比如财富 like the distribution of money, for example.
25:00这也是为什么1%的人 Which is why 1% of the people
25:02拥有世界上绝大部分的财富 have the overwhelming majority of the money.
25:06随着时间流逝 占据1%的人也不同 It's a different 1% across time.
25:09它是会浮动的 It churns.
25:11当你越年长 And you're much more likely to be in the 1%
25:13你就越可能挤进那1% 这很合理 if you're older, logically enough,
25:15因为人生旅途中 because one of the things you do
25:17你会用青春换金钱 as you age is you trade youth for money.
25:20如果你还算幸运的话 If you're fortunate.
25:22我并不认为这交易很公平 但这可能是最好的情况了 I don't think the trade is really worth it, but that's the best you've got.
25:26所以 回到主题 So, anyways...
25:28这些性格特质 Those particular traits,
25:29你可以把它们想成是简化世界的方法 you can think of those as ways that you simplify the world, right?
25:33这世界处处都是生活的舞台 There's lots of different places that you can act in the world,
25:37看世界的角度 存活的方法 是多种多样的 and there's lots of different ways you can look at it and survive.
25:40这也是为什么有管道工 That's why you can be a plumber, and a lawyer,
25:43有律师 有工程师 等等 and an engineer, and those all work, right,
25:46即便这些工作者的生活模式相差甚远 even though they're very different modes of being.
25:48人们可以拥用不同人格 并存活下来 And you can have different personalities, and survive,
25:51只要你能够 as long as you're capable of
25:54找到一个与你过滤世界的方式和行为倾向 finding the place where your particular filters and behavioral proclivities
25:59相符合的环境需求 match the demand of the environment.
26:01而所谓的成功适应 一大部分就是指这点 And a huge part, I would say, of successful adaptation is precisely that.
26:07人格还包含了其他元素 Now there are other elements of personality too.
26:10对于其中的一个元素 我有不同看法 One of the elements I've been struck by;
26:12这也是我对于心理分析师和临床医师的 and this is actually one of the criticisms
26:14一直怀有的批判 I have about the psychoanalysts and the clinicians in general,
26:17当然 我还是很敬佩他们的 (even though I have great admiration for them and would say that,
26:20他们的理论也很值得倾听 what they have to say is very much worth listening to),
26:24但是 我不并认为人格隐藏在身体里 is that, it's not obvious that your personality is inside you.
26:29你想一想 You know, you think,
26:31人类是一种多层面的古怪生物 you know, a human being is a strange multilevel thing.
26:35比如 你可以问自己 And you might ask yourself, well for example,
26:38相比于你的胳膊 你的母亲是否更是属于你的一部分 "is your mother a more part of you than your arm?",
26:42或更精确一些 or maybe even more precisely,
26:44相比你的胳膊 你的孩子是否更是属于你的一部分 "is your child more a part of you than your arm?".
26:47很多人会不计代价地牺牲自己 Certainly, people will do drastically self-sacrificing things
26:52让孩子活下去 to maintain the lives of their children.
26:54所以说 作为一个人 And so you're - you're a person
26:56你由许多小部分组成 and you're made up all sub - sort of subcomponents of a person,
27:00这些小部分你平时观察不到 none of which you can seen when you look at a person.
27:02是内部的各种复杂机制 All the complicated machinery inside you
27:05造就了你 that makes you who you are, and then
27:06而身体之外 outside of that of course,
27:09你又处于各种复杂的系统里 you're nested in all sorts of complex system
27:11你是家庭的一份子 社区的一员 so you're part of the family, and - and you're part of a community,
27:14社区归属于省份 省份归属于国家 而国家 and that's part of a province, and that's part of state, and that's part of...
27:18属于某个国际联盟 an international consortium of states,
27:20属于某个生态圈 and that's part of an ecosystem,
27:21将自己 and how you make a distinction
27:25.与如此复杂 一环扣一环的 between you and the systems that
27:28系统环境区分开 也非常困难 you're embeded in is also of extraordinary difficulty.
27:32比如 作为临床心理学家 One of the things you have to do as a clinical psychologist, for example,
27:36你在尝试确诊一位抑郁症患者 if you're trying to diagnose someone with depression,
27:38你想到 噢，这个人不快乐到了极点 ...you think "Well, this person is dreadfully unhappy".
27:41你可能会想到 这个问题 Well, you can think about that as a problem
27:44与他们的心理调整能力有关 with their psychological adjustment -
27:46也就是他们看待世界的方式 you know, the way that they're looking at the world.
27:49但如果你去查询 But, if you look at the...
27:51流行病学的资料 ...epidemiological literature,
27:53你会发现 很多人 for example, one of the things that you find is that very many people...
27:58在遭受重大打击后 ...have a first depressive episode
28:00会出现之前从未有过的抑郁症状 after something genuinely terrible has happened to them.
28:03比如他们失去了至亲至爱 或是受了重伤 Right? They've lost someone or they've become injured or...
28:06或是失业 ..or they've become unemployed
28:08因为失业对很多人来说是重大打击 - because unemployment is a terrible shock to people...
28:10其实很难去判断 ...and it's not precisely self-evident that
28:14一个不快乐 甚至绝望的人 you can consider someone who's unhappy and desperate
28:17是因为他丢了工作 还是因为他得抑郁症了 - because they no longer have a job - depressed.
28:22他们确实很难过 也过得很糟糕 They're certainly sad and they're not doing very well, but...
28:25因为没有了固定收入 ...the fact that they no longer have an income...
28:28对人会有戏剧性的实际影响 ...is actually something with dramatic practical consequences,
28:32但把这种影响当作精神疾病来治疗 ...and treating that as if it's a mental disorder seems to be...
28:37往往会适得其反 counterproductive.
28:38同样地 It's also the case, for example...
28:41如果一个人来找你谈话 他非常不安 ...if someone comes in to you, to talk to you, and they're very upset and
28:45并且显示出焦虑症 ...they may manifest the signs of, say, an anxiety disorder
28:49或抑郁症的症状 or, again, depression or other...
28:51或是其他临床表现 ...other clinical features, for that matter,
28:53咳 ...ahem...
28:54那么你可能需要仔细分析 ...you have to do a careful analysis of the manner
28:57他所处的家庭环境 in which they're embedded in their family because,
29:00这也是我们之后讲到弗洛伊德时 ...and this is something that we'll talk about quite...
29:04会深入探讨的 ...thoroughly when we come to discussing Freud, is that,
29:07你知道 并不是所有家庭都 well, you know, it's not like everybody's families are necessarily,
29:10幸福快乐 particularly happy places to be.
29:12你知道 you know, i mean...
29:13人类非常依赖彼此 ...human being are very dependent.
29:14人类成长需要很长的依赖期 部分原因是 We have a very long period of dependency, partly because...
29:18我们的大脑皮质非常发达 we're so cortically hyper-developed that
29:20我们需要花很长时间成长为 takes a very long time to program us into something that's...
29:23能够独立自主的人 vaguely capable of maneuvering on its own, and...
29:27这点使我们形成了紧密的家庭纽带 That produces, of course, the very tight familial bonds that we all...
29:31这是我们都深深渴望的东西 ...that we all desperately require,
29:33毕竟 谁想要孤独地呆在这世界 because - who wants to be alone in the world?...
29:36但同时 ...but it also...
29:37这也使我们容易患上 it also exposes us to the probability of becoming entangled into...
29:43世代家庭中产生的病因 ...even multigenerational family pathology
29:46至少据我所知 ...and it isn't obvious, always and certainly hasn't been to me
29:50在我接触的病人里 when I've seen my clients
29:51他们的根本问题 并不在于他们自己 that the fundamental problem with the client, is the client
29:55而是在于 Sometimes, the fundamental problem is...
30:00他们的家庭 ...is the family.
30:02而之所以那个病人被认为是问题根源 and perhaps that person has been identified as the problem person.
30:08是因为对于其他相关的人而言 It's rather convenient for everyone who's involved
30:10这种假设最方便 to make that presupposition.
30:13同样的 It's also the case that,
30:15这其实是弗洛伊德的理论 this is the Freudian idea fundamentally,
30:17既恋母情结 this is the Oedipus idea that
30:19人们很容易 it's very easy for
30:20过于依赖父母 people to become over dependent on their parents
30:23或父母的溺爱导致了孩子的过度依赖 and, and for the parents to facilitate that,
30:26也因此 对个人来说 and then for the primary developmental problem
30:30首要的成长问题 for the individual,
30:31其实是如何挣脱家庭的干扰因素 in fact to become free of interfering elements of the family
30:38并使自己成为独立的个体 so that they can exist as independent individuals
30:43当然 其中有文化差异 and then of course there are cultural variations in that,
30:46这也使得这个理论变得复杂 that make that proposition complex,
30:49不过总体而言 这就是弗洛伊德心理学的基础 but, that's a fundamental tenant, say, of Freudian psychology.
30:53许多 A lot of
30:55临床心理学家 the clinical psychologists,
30:57以及我们接触到的所有心理学家 all of whom, that we're going to study,
30:59持有的观点都很西方化 have a pronounced western orientation.
31:02他们的一个基础假设是 One of the fundamental presuppositions is that
31:06积极心理学发展的 part of the hallmark of
31:08一个特点 positive psychological development
31:10就是要创造一个 is the creation of an individual that's capable of acting
31:13能够独立行动的个体 independently, and that's
31:16我认为 这个理念隐含在 I would say an implicit ideal
31:18所有经典心理学家的 that lurks at the bottom of the clinical presuppositions
31:21临床理论的基础里 of all the theorists that are classic Npsychologists.
31:31这是一张很老的图 That's a very old picture.
31:34图片是 约拿从鲸的肚子出来 It's Jonah emerging from the whale.
31:37它演变于 It's a variant of a,
31:38一个传说 a myth.
31:40一个关于 The myth is,
31:41龙的传说 the dragon myth, I suppose.
31:44传说有一条巨龙 The dragon myth is that there’s a dragon
31:46它永恒地居住在地下 that lives under the ground that’s eternal,
31:51时不时地它会从地底出来 威胁人间 and now and then it rises out of the ground to threaten the state.
31:55每每此时 人间就会有人主动站出来 And someone within the state determines
32:00自愿去与巨龙战斗 to go confront the dragon voluntarily, and does so,
32:04并从巨龙那里带回瑰宝 and then brings back something of great value.
32:11传说里的勇士一般是男性 The hero is generally male,
32:12有时 带回来的瑰宝 sometimes the thing of great value
32:14是巨龙掠走的美人 is the female that the dragon has kidnapped,
32:17圣乔治的故事便是如此 that’s a St. George story,
32:19有时勇士带回来的是金银珠宝 and sometimes it’s gold and other treasure,
32:22那便演绎成了霍比特人的故事 like in the story of the Hobbit.
32:25这故事你们肯定很熟悉了 A story that you all know very well.
32:27很经典的英雄故事 It’s a classic hero story,
32:29而这种英雄故事也是 and the hero story is another fundamental element
32:33临床理论的一个基本元素 of the clinical theories, I would say.
32:35这种理论认为 通过主动接触 It’s predicated on the idea that you learn
32:39那些使你畏惧或恶心的事 through voluntary contact with that
32:44你会有所收获 that frightens or disgusts you.
32:47这也是心理分析理论的特点 And that’s a hallmark of psychoanalytic theory.
32:50我们之后会详细了解的卡尔荣格 Jung—Carl Jung, who we’ll discuss in detail, said
32:53他的经典名言是（拉丁语）in sterquiliniis invenitur his primary dictum was “in sterquiliniis invenitur “(Latin),
32:58忽略掉我的假拉丁语发音 which I am sure I’m massacring because it’s Latin.
33:01它的意思是： 你所找寻的就隐秘在最不堪入目之处 But it meant “in filth it will be found”.
33:04而临床理论的特点之一就是 And one of the hallmarks of the clinical theories
33:06在每个人的经历范围里 is that within the confines of everyone’s experience,
33:11这个经历可以是实际的社会经历and you can think about this as experience out in the world
33:14也可以是你潜意识的游历 or experience in the unconscious mind,
33:17有很多黑暗的小秘密 there are dirty little secrets, let's say,
33:22有尸骨 有旧日的恐怖阴影 and skeletons and dreadful, old fears
33:29有受虐待的伤痕 有病态行为的回忆 and remnants of abuse and memories of pathological behavior
33:34还有因缺乏勇气而停滞的成长 and failures of courage that leave you undeveloped,
33:40可能是由于逃避 perhaps out of avoidance.
33:42而心理分析的过程 And that the psychoanalytic process
33:44就是与被遗忘被压抑的那部分自己 is precisely the careful encounter with
33:49进行谨慎的交锋 those forgotten and repressed elements of the self,
33:54希望通过清晰的交锋 能救赎那部分自己 in the hope that a clear encounter will redeem them,
34:00与自己其他部分的人格进行融合 unite them with the remainder of your personality,
34:03从而使自己变得强大 and make you stronger in consequence.
34:07我认为 这也是一种 And I would say that’s just a variant
34:10人类学习的方法 of the manner in which human beings learn,
34:12在讲到皮亚杰时 我们会进行更深入讨论 and we’ll talk about this more in relation to Piaget, because
34:16你每一次犯错 都是在学习 you always learn when you’re wrong.
34:19虽然这很恼人 Which is very annoying.
34:21那么当你做对了时 你又会学到什么呢 Now what do you learn when you’re correct?
34:23你探索这个世界 在其间生活 You’re walking in the world, you’re operating in the world.
34:26你隐隐知道自己想要看到什么样的事发生 You have a sense of what you want to have happen.
34:30你便是透过”想要发生的事情” You’re always looking at the world
34:32来看待这个世界 through this sense of what you want to have happen.
34:34你的一举一动就是在试图实现你想要其发生的事情 You’re acting so that what you want to have happen will happen.
34:39如果事情实现了 你会开心 And when it happens, then you’re happy.
34:42因为首先 你得到了你想要的 这点或许很好 Because, first of all you get what you want, and that’s good, maybe,
34:46取决与你想要的是什么 depending on what you want.
34:48其次 如果你的行为帮助你实现了愿望 But it’s also good because if you get what you want when you act,
34:52这意味着 你的行为模式是正确的 then it turns out that your model of how to act is valid, right?
34:55因为你得到了你想要的 The outcome that you get what you want indicates no error
34:59意味着你的模式没出错 on the part of your model.
35:01但大多数情况下 But it’s very frequently the case that,
35:04你为想要实现的事情而行动 when you act to get what you want,
35:07你并不能实现愿望 you don’t get what you want.
35:09这很不愉快 因为你不能得偿所愿 And then, that’s unpleasant, because you don’t get what you want,
35:13但更恼人的是 but it’s even more unpleasant because
35:15你的失败意味着 it brings with it the hint of a suggestion
35:17你理解世界的方法 that the manner in which you’re construing the world
35:20在某种不确定的程度上 是错误的 is incorrect at some indeterminate level.
35:25比方说 你在派对上讲了一个笑话 So for example, if you tell a joke at a party,
35:32你假设人们会认真听 you presume that people will attend,
35:34假设他们听到后会笑 and then when they hear the joke they will laugh.
35:37可如果你说了笑话后 大家觉得不好笑 And then if you tell the joke and it goes flat, or even worse,
35:41甚至感到恶心或受到冒犯 disgusts and offends people,
35:43那么你会感到诧异 then you’re going to be taken aback.
35:46这不仅因为你没达到你想要的效果 And that’s partly because you didn’t get what you want,
35:49这感觉不好 and that’s not so good,
35:50但更不好的是你发现 你理解状况的方式 but it’s more because there’s something wrong
35:53也有错 with the way you conceptualize the situation.
35:56你也就面对着一个麻烦 And then you’re faced with a problem,
35:59既你面前浮现出一个未知领域 and the problem is the emergence of a domain of the unknown.
36:03你会想 我究竟哪里错了 Well what kind of mistake did you make?
36:05我是不是没想象中的有趣 Maybe you’re not as funny as you think you are.
36:08这可就是个大问题了 That could be a big problem.
36:10又或许 周围的人 Maybe you’re not around people
36:12跟我想的不一样 who are the way you think they are.
36:15或许他们没我想象中的那么喜欢我 Maybe they don’t like you as much as you thought they liked you.
36:17各种偏执的想法在你脑中出现 The potential for various paranoid thoughts
36:22一个比一个严重 of increasing severity to come welling up at you
36:26即便你犯了一个很小的社交错误 in a situation where you make
36:28你也会想到各种可能性 even a trivial social mistake is quite broad.
36:31如果你真的犯了类似的错误 And when you make an error of that sort,
36:35你就得要正视错误 并思索所有的可能性 you have to face it and sort through all the possibilities
36:38这样你才能发现自己究竟在哪里犯错了 so that you can find out what it was you did wrong
36:41并找到改善的方法 and how to re-tool it so that in the future
36:44从而以后不犯同样的错 you don’t make the same mistake.
36:46在某种意义上 这需要你 And that requires in some sense
36:49进行一场 what you might describe as a journey
36:51前往［野兽之腹］的旅程 into the belly of the beast,
36:52［野兽之腹］就是世界崩塌之处 the beast being that place where things have fallen apart
36:56在那里 你被负面情绪笼罩着 and where you’re overwhelmed with negative emotion
36:58面对一片混沌 你困惑不已 and chaos and confusion.
37:00这又是一个古老的故事 That’s a very old story.
37:02一个前往地下城的故事 That’s the story of the journey to the underworld.
37:04而故事里的英雄 The hero is the person
37:06就是主动进入地下城冒险的人 who makes the voluntary journey to the underworld
37:09去挽回被迫滞留在那里的东西 to collect what’s been languishing down there,
37:11这便是心理分析理论的主旨 and that’s the basic motif of psychoanalytic theory.
37:15从某种角度来说 这也是临床实践的主旨 I would say it’s the basic motif, in some sense, of clinical practice.
37:20作为一个临床医师 你的任务之一就是 Because one of the things you do as a clinician
37:23发现患者所恐惧和逃避的事情 is find out what people are afraid of and what they’re avoiding—
37:29这可能存在于患者的过去 现在 或未来 and that can be in their past or in their present or in their future—
37:32把这些事拆解开来 break it down into smaller pieces,
37:35帮患者制定出接近或是掌控它们的策略 and help them devise strategies of approach and mastery.
37:40这会帮助完善他们的人格 And that improves the quality of their personality,
37:44也会帮助他们避免 and helps develop them into people
37:48一犯再犯同样的错误 who won’t make the same mistakes over and over again.
37:53那我们为什么需要这么多理论工具呢 Alright, so, why is this plethora of tools?
37:59我之前说过 某种意义上 一个人格心理学家 I said, in some sense being a personality psychologist
38:05就像一个工程师 is like being an engineer.
38:07你在尝试着建构更好的人 You're trying to build better people.
38:10就比如 如果你是个木匠或是机械师 You might say that if you’re a carpenter or a mechanic
38:14那么你修理汽车 建造房子的能力 that your ability to fix a vehicle or build a house
38:20就取决于你使用 is dependent on your proficiency
38:22各种工具的熟练度 with regards to the use of a multitude of tools.
38:25可以说 你能掌握的工具越多 then you might say that the more tools you have at your disposal,
38:30你就越可能构建出好的事物 the more likely it is that you're going to manage things properly.
38:33所以这门课中 So what I would like to offer you
38:36我想教授给你的 就是 is the possibility that what you’re going to encounter
38:39一系列高深的概念工具 in this course is a series of sophisticated conceptual tools
38:46它们能让你更好地了解自己 that will help you understand yourself better,
38:49更好地生活于这世界 and therefore better orient yourself in the world.
38:52我认为这门课非常实用 I regard this course as intensely practical,
38:56因为我相信 and that's because I believe that you
38:58在你的生命中 最可靠的 have nothing to rely on in your life that’s
39:02最能帮助你成功的东西 more crucial to your success as you move through life
39:07就是你自己的品格与人格 than your character and your personality.
39:10任何时候你的品格与人格都影响着你 That's what you bring to every situation,
39:12与他人和与自己的相处时 and the more sophisticated you are
39:16你越有经验 in relationship to yourself and others,
39:18越了解人性 the more you understand people
39:21越了解自己作为人的本质 and the deeper you understand the nature of your own being,
39:24那么在生命的旅程中 the more likely it is that you’re going to proceed through your life
39:28你就越能愉快地生活 in a manner that will make you pleased to exist
39:33而不是对存在本身抱有不满 rather than displeased to exist.
39:37这门课的阅读列表里包含了很多文章 I’ve collected the writings of people
39:39是我认为无可匹敌的人写的 that I regard as of incomparable brilliance.
39:44它们晦涩难懂 They’re difficult to understand.
39:46概念也很复杂 Their concepts are complex.
39:49但这并不令人意外 But it’s not surprising,
39:50因为这个课题本身就是艰深复杂而又至关重要的 because the subject matter is complex and vital.
39:54所以你们就需要努力了 And so it requires work,
39:56要尽你所能 and I would say try to keep up on the readings,
39:59完成每一次阅读 if you would.
40:00这会使你在这门课上的收获 丰富许多 It’s going to make the course much richer for you.
40:03还有就是 And I would say,
40:04经常有人问我 我应该怎么读啊 'cuz people often ask me how should I read for this course?
40:08要读的材料那么多 'Cuz there’s a lot of reading.
40:10我的回答是 把它们当作有实际影响的东西来阅读 And the answer is: read as if it matters.
40:14这就是答案 That’s the right answer.
40:16别为了考试而读 Don’t be thinking about how it’s going to be tested.
40:18如果你认真阅读 不缺课 If you do the readings and you come to the lectures then
40:21那么考试对你而言 并不会很难 the tests aren’t particularly difficult.
40:24但关键是 你要重视那些阅读 But you should read the readings
40:27把它们当作是 那些作家写的关于你的内容 as if the person is writing about you.
40:30你也要尽可能去理解里面的观点 And you should try to understand what the person says,
40:32因为它们也可以成为你的工具 because it’s another tool for you to use.
40:35在面对患者时 And I would say, well, with my clients
40:38我会对症下药 I use the approaches of one theorist for one client
40:41在不同的患者身上使用不同的理论 and the approaches of another theorist for another client,
40:43一定程度上 it seems to me to depend on some degree
40:45这取决于患者自身的性情 actually on the temperament of the client.
40:48比如说 那些 I’ve found for example that people
40:50经验开放性非常高的人 who are very high in openness,
40:52也就是说那些富有创意的人 which is the creativity dimension,
40:53他们更适用于荣格疗法 are quite amenable to a Jungian approach.
40:57但对于那些比较务实 尽责 Whereas people who are more practical, conscientious,
41:00经验开放性低的人 行为疗法会更有效 low in openness, are much more amenable to a behaviorist approach.
41:04对于心理学 我们还没能了解得很透彻 We don’t really know enough about psychology yet
41:07还不能细致匹配每一种性情和治疗方法 to match treatment to temperament,
41:10我刚刚讲的 是我的经验之谈 but those are some of the things that I’ve experienced.
41:14好了 讲一些实际的问题 Okay, practicalities.
41:18这个网站 Well, there’s a website.
41:20我刚给过你们网址 下课前我还会再给你们看一遍 I gave you the URL, I’ll put it up at the end of class.
41:24网站里列出了所有不在教材里的阅读材料 The URL lists all the readings that aren’t in the textbook.
41:27也就是说 教科书里有经典阅读 And so the textbook contains the classic readings,
41:30来自荣格 弗洛伊德 皮亚杰 readings from people like Jung and Freud and Piaget, and so forth.
41:37罗杰斯 等等 Rogers.
41:38我之所以选取这本书 是因为 And as I said, I picked that particular textbook
41:41我相信这些作者做了件很伟大的工作 because I believe that the author did a very credible job
41:45即总结出了非常难以总结的内容 of summarizing what’s very difficult to summarize.
41:48而网站里面的那些文章 So, and then also on the website there are links to papers,
41:52更趋近于现代的材料 because much of the more modern material
41:56与神经科学相关 that pertains say, to neuroscience,
41:58以及与人格性格学相关 and also to trait personality,
42:00你们要去读那些一手材料 I think it's better to just read the original papers
42:03上课时我也会做详细解读 and I’ll detail them out with you as we go through.
42:06那些文章能让你熟悉 That’ll also give you some familiarity
42:08心理学方面的原创论文 with original psychological papers.
42:10就如同俗语所说 Which are, again—there’s an idiom
42:14格物致知 that you have to master in order to understand them.
42:17你也可以多加练习 But you might as well practice,
42:19尤其如果你想要在心理学方面继续深入下去 it is especially if you’re interested in continuing with psychology
42:23比如做教育工作者 或做心理医生 in your educational practice or as a career.
42:27早点习惯总是好的 It’s good to get accustomed to it.
42:30这个网址你们可以记一下 So there again is the URL for the class.
42:36jordanbpeterson.com If you go to jordanpbeterson.com,
42:38这网址应该不难记 which isn’t too hard to remember
42:40只要你能记住我的名字 assuming you can remember my name,
42:42在页面的左侧你能找到课程列表 then classes are listed on the left hand side.
42:45里面有课程提纲 You can just find the syllabus there.
42:50这些是我们会学到的内容 Oh so here’s what we’re going to cover.
42:54今天主要是做课程介绍和概览 Today, obviously, this is the introduction and overview.
42:57今年的课程安排有点奇怪 Class is a little strange this year because
42:59因为它一次一小时 下一次则两小时 one day it’s an hour and the next day it’s two hours,
43:01所以我暂时还不清楚具体要怎么办 so not exactly sure how we’re going to negotiate
43:04但我们会弄明白的 our way through that but we’ll figure it out.
43:09历史的角度 神话的再现 Historical Perspectives: Mythological Representations.
43:12我说过 我会提供一种元叙事 I told you I’d try to provide you the meta-narrative
43:16能让你连接 that might enable you to link the theories
43:19我们将习的各个理论 that we’re going to talk about together,
43:21所以我会跟你们描述一种 so I’m going to describe to you
43:23概念性语言 what you might regard as a conceptual language.
43:26目前我能说的是 As far as I can tell, it’s that: imagine that there are
43:30想象有两大类你需要了解的事物 two kinds of things that you need to know.
43:33而且我认为这是事实 I believe this to be the case.
43:35你需要知道这个世界是由什么组成的 I believe you need to know what the world is made of,
43:38既人们定义的科学领域 I suppose that's the proper domain of science.
43:41但同时 你也需要知道该如何行动 But then you need to know how to act.
43:43这便完全是另一个领域了 And that’s a whole different thing.
43:45你必须知道该如何行动 And you need to know how to act,
43:47这其实才是你最需要知道的事 it’s the thing you need to know most of anything.
43:50毕竟 你是一个活着的生物 Because of course you’re a living creature,
43:52根据目标制定行动 Action in relationship to desired goals
43:56对你来说就是人生 is everything to you.
43:58你可以用达尔文的观点来解释 You can think about that from a Darwinian perspective;
44:01你需要知道该有怎样的行为举止 就算是为了生存下来 you have to act at least so that you can survive,
44:03为了能找到另一半 at least so that you can find a partner.
44:06这就是生命 That’s life!
44:08所以一个问题就是 So part of the question is:
44:10如果你把世界想象成一个行动的地方 how does the world look
44:12它在你眼里会是什么样子 if you think about it as a place to act?
44:15而答案一定不是 And the answer isn’t:
44:16世界充满了毫无价值的东西 a place of value-free objects.
44:19世界绝不是那个样子 That’s not what the world looks like,
44:22在一个一切都毫无价值的世界里 你没办法做出任何行动 and you can’t act in a world of value-free objects
44:25因为你没办法做出任何选择 because there’s no way of choosing between them.
44:28如果一切事物的价值均为零 If everything has zero value,
44:30你怎么能选这个 而不选那个呢 why would you choose one thing over another?
44:33现实生活里 You live in a world where things
44:35不同事物对你展示出不同价值 present themselves to you as of different value,
44:39这部分取决于你的性情 and that’s partly a consequence of your temperament,
44:41部分取决于其他原因 although that’s a consequence of other things.
44:43所以接下来的课程里 我会提供给你们 And so what I’m going to try to do is to provide you
44:46一个描述道德世界的框架 with a schema that describes the world of morality,
44:52粗略地来说既 一个行为准则的框架 roughly speaking, which is how to act.
44:54我也会讲述 由达尔文理论而来的 And tell you a little bit about what I think the language is,
44:58语言的定义which I think was derived from Darwinian processes,
45:01我认为 逻辑上来讲 那些临床理论 and I believe it’s within that structure
45:03包含于这个结构之中 that the clinical theories logically nest.
45:06这也能帮助你 So that’ll give you a way of linking
45:09从概念的角度 连接不同的理论 one theory to another from a conceptual perspective,
45:12而不是机械地背诵各个理论 without having to rely so much on sheer memorization.
45:16那之后我们会讨论英雄之路和萨满教仪式 Then we’ll talk about Heroic and Shamanic Initiations,
45:19之所以要讨论它们 and the reason we’re going to do that
45:20是因为萨满教仪式曾在全世界 is because people used shamanic initiations
45:24流行了上万年 for tens of thousands of years all over the world,
45:27它拥有自己的一套体系 and they have a particular kind of structure.
45:29网站上有篇米尔·伊利亚德的文章 The paper by Mircea Eliade,
45:31非常有意思 which is linked on the site, is very interesting.
45:34里面详细描绘了一些仪式的过程 One that details out some of these processes.
45:36也有一些非常有见地的评论家 There have been intelligent commentators,
45:39比如亨利·艾伦伯格 我认为他的著作《潜意识的发现》 like Henri Ellenberger, who wrote The Discovery of the Unconscious,
45:43非常出色 which I think is an outstanding book,
45:44他将心理分析师 who linked the processes
45:47在19世纪末20世纪初 that the psychoanalysts uncovered
45:50发现的那些过程 in the late part of the 19th century
45:53联系到了 and early part of the 20th century
45:54那些人格转变的 back to these more primordial rituals
45:57原始仪式上 of personality transformation.
45:59所以从某种角度来看 So we’re going to situate ourselves,
46:03我们也将沉浸在历史中 in some sense, in deep history.
46:07我们会先探讨基础的神话传说 Talking first about the underlying mythological landscape,
46:10再讨论人格概念化与转变的 then talking about archaic modes
46:13古代模式 of personality conceptualization and transformation,
46:16再讨论结构主义 and then moving from there into Constructivism.
46:19我们会重点讨论让·皮亚杰 And we’re going to concentrate mostly on Jean Piaget,
46:22他是一位发展心理学家 who was a developmental psychologist.
46:25结构学家认为 Constructivists believe you make yourself
46:28人们用从外界收集来的信息构建自己 out of the information that you gather in the world,
46:30人是探索动物 so you’re an exploring creature.
46:32当你用来探索世界的地图 You explore specifically when the maps you’re using
46:35不能很好地引导你 in the world are no longer orienting yourself properly,
46:38甚至出了错时 你会真正地开始探索世界 when they’re producing errors.
46:39你会去外界收集信息 You go out and gather information,
46:41通过找寻到的信息构建自己 assemble yourself from the information that you discovered.
46:44之后要探讨的是深度心理学家 荣格和弗洛伊德Then the depth psychologists Jung and Freud.
46:48介绍荣格时 我会用到一些影片 I think with Jung, I’m going to walk you through some films.
46:55我不是要放电影 I’m not going to use the films, per se.
46:57而是会选取一些片段 I’m going to use clips;
46:59按照时间顺序 stills some of the film but you know the films.
47:02将放映一些你们熟知的电影片段 So in chronological order.
47:04我会给你们讲解 And I’m going to try to explain to you
47:07如何用荣格的假设 how you might use Jungian presuppositions
47:11来剖析那些电影的内容 to understand what the films are about.
47:13比如说电影《狮子王》 If you think about a film, say, The Lion King,
47:16那部电影非常受欢迎 which was an extraordinarily popular film,
47:18可是 你去观看《狮子王》这个行为 不是很奇怪吗 it’s a very strange phenomena that you go and watch it, right?
47:23想一想 Think about it.
47:24说白了 就是动起来的动物图画 It’s drawings of animated animals
47:27不过某种意义上 有些神似你 that in some sense represent you.
47:30它们的分辨率很低 They’re very low-resolution,
47:32可是你瞬间把它们认作生命体 but you perceive them immediately as living things.
47:36你赋予它们动机 And you attribute to them motivation
47:38动力和理解力 and motive power and understanding.
47:42你从未刻意思考 自然而然地这么认为 You do it automatically without even thinking about it.
47:44在那些故事的背后 And there’s a classic plot
47:46有个经典情节 that lies underneath those stories,
47:48这个情节非常非常古老 and the plots are very very very very old.
47:51古老到你一定读得懂它 That’s why you can understand them.
47:53你能够读懂的原因在于 The reason you can understand them
47:55人生就有情节 is because life has a plot.
47:56或者说有一些情节 Or maybe it has a couple of plots,
47:58各种维度的情节 a multitude of plots,
47:59无论如何 人生肯定有情节 but life has a plot.
48:01不然的话 And if it didn’t,
48:01我们无法彼此理解 we wouldn’t be able to understand each other.
48:03所以我想通过一些电影 So I’d like to illustrate that for you
48:06来向你说明这点 by analysis of some of these films.
48:09我认为这种方式最能够 I think it's the best way
48:10理解深刻如荣格的思想 to understand someone as sophisticated as Jung,
48:13因为荣格真的很难解读 who is very difficult to get a handle on.
48:15对于弗洛伊德 我会用同样的方法 Freud, I’m going to do the same thing,
48:18讲到弗洛伊德时我也会放部电影 although I am going to show you a film with Freud.
48:20这部电影名叫《克鲁伯》 I’m going to show you a film called Crumb,
48:22是部纪录片 which is a documentary,
48:23关于一个麻烦缠身的家庭 and it’s about a very badly enmeshed family,
48:27所有家庭成员 and the attempts of the family members to,
48:30都想逃离它 I suppose, escape it.
48:31讲述弗洛伊德理论时 I’ll talk to you about Freud,
48:33我会放这部电影 I’ll show you the film,
48:33你应该能从中体会到 that should give you a sense
48:35弗洛伊德的精神病理学概念 of Freudian psychopathology,
48:36不放电影的话 他怕是太难读懂了 which is a very difficult thing otherwise to understand.
48:40那之后是期中考试 Then there’s a midterm.
48:41都是多项选择题 The midterm is multiple choice.
48:43你会在课上完成 You’ll do it in class.
48:45时间充足 You’ll have lots of time to finish it.
48:47考试内容就是我们到时候学过的章节 It’ll cover the material that we’ve studied up to that point.
48:51我们接着会讨论罗杰斯 Then we’ll talk about Rogers.
48:53卡尔·罗格斯是一位人文主义者 Carl Rogers, who’s a humanist.
48:55他有一套以身体为中心的哲学理论 Rogers has a body-centered philosophy, I suppose.
49:00他同时也对 He’s interested as well
49:01最优的个人成长方式 in optimal personal development
49:03以及人际交流对其的影响 感兴趣 and the role that interpersonal communication plays in that.
49:06罗杰斯的假设 从根本上来说 Rogers’s hypothesis, fundamentally,
49:08其实很有趣 and it’s a very interesting one,
49:10他认为两个人之间的真诚交流 is that honest communication
49:12能够使彼此的人格转变 between two people can produce personality transformation.
49:15这点你可能已经有所体会了 You might think you kind of know that already,
49:19当你进行深度的、真诚的交谈时 because there’s something very engaging about a deep,
49:22你能够说一些 honest conversation where you’re able to say things
49:25平常不会说的话 you wouldn’t normally say.
49:27你们彼此也会 Where you’d be listened to by someone
49:29认真地 who's actually listening to you,
49:31相互聆听 and you listen to them,
49:32通过谈话 你们彼此都会 and in the conversation you’re moving,
49:34有所改变 both you, forward to a different point.
49:37这种交谈与日常谈话完全不同 That’s different than a conversation
49:38日常谈话中 你觉得自己是对的 想说服我 where you’re right and you’re trying to convince me,
49:40或我是对的 想说服你 or I’m right and I’m trying to convince you,
49:43这是典型的日常谈话 which I’d say is the typical conversation.
49:45而治愈系交谈 The healing conversation is more,
49:48更多的是关注 你怎么了? what’s up with you?
49:50你还好吗? How are you doing?
49:50你生活中发生什么事了? How’s your life going?
49:52你面临着什么问题? What sort of problems are you facing?
49:53你怎么看这些问题? What do you think about those problems?
49:55你脑海中有什么解决方案吗? Can you conceptualize what a solution might be?
49:58有办法实现这些方案吗? Is there a way we might figure out how to get there?
50:00这种对话旨在解决问题 So it’s a problem-solving conversation.
50:03你首先需要假设 It’s predicated on the presupposition
50:06与你交谈的那个人 that the person you’re conversing with
50:07有能力正向成长 has the capacity to grow in a positive direction
50:10只要他们愿意 if they so choose.
50:11这便是罗格斯心理学的 That’s the fundamental presupposition
50:16根本假设 of Rogerian psychology.
50:18梅和弗兰克也是人文主义者 May and Frankl are also humanists.
50:21下一堂课 我会继续跟你们讲述 I’ll finish telling you what the rest of the material
50:24下半学期的内容 is the next time we meet.
50:26我现在再讲一下 I should let you know a little more
50:28课程的结构 about the structure of the course.
50:29第二个期中考试在3月14号 The second midterm is March 14,
50:33结尾还有个期末考试 and there’s a final at the end as well.
50:39多项选择题的比重是 The multiple choice tests are graded in that manner,
50:4225% 25%和27.5% 25%, 25%, and 27.5%.
50:46考试内容并非累积式 They’re not cumulative.
50:48每一次考试只包括 Each test only covers what you covered before
50:51上一次考试之后所学的内容 期末考试也是如此 since the last test, including the final.
50:53还有15%的成绩是一篇小论文 You’ll be required to write an essay of 15%.
50:571000字哦 不是750字 It’s 1,000 words, sorry not 750 words.
51:00你还需要做一个网上测试 And you’ll also do an online exercise,
51:03一个心理测试 不计成绩 a personality analysis, which is pass/fail.
51:08你只需要完成它 All you have to is complete it
51:09并且证明你完成了 就可以过 and show proof of completion.
51:10那个测试是改良后的五大性格测试 It helps you do a modified Big Five analysis
51:14关于你自己的性格 of your own personality,
51:15集中测试你的优缺点 concentrating on your virtues and your faults of it.
51:19这个测试也就是将我们所学的人格理论 It’s an active exercise in the application
51:24应用到人格发展上 of personality theory to personal development.
51:27这就是课程的结构了 So that’s the structure of the course.
51:32课程提纲里有一个报名单 I can tell you there’s a sign-up sheet on the syllabus.
51:40我已经将整个学期的课题 We’ve broken the essays down
51:42分出了几大类 into multiple types across the entire semester.
51:45我建议你们去那里报名 I would highly recommend you go there and sign up,
51:47每个课题的名额都有限 there are limited slots for each topic.
51:51这么做的原因是 The reason for that is
51:52我不想让我的助教在期末一口气 I don’t want my TA to have to grade 200 essays
51:54批改200篇论文 the last week of classes.
51:56所以我们打算分散在全年批改 We have to spread them out across the year.
51:58所以记得选一个你想做的题目 然后报名 So figure out a topic and sign up.
52:00越早越好 Please do that sooner rather than later.
52:04这也能帮助你勤奋学习 It’s an industrious thing to do.
52:06帮助安排好自己的学习进度 It’ll help you organize yourself.
52:08之后我会发找一些相关资料 I’ll post something that’s quite useful
52:11教你们怎么写作 尤其是写1000字左右的小论文 about how to write, especially a 1,000 word essay.
52:15论文的截止日期是对应课程的前一天 In a close, the essays are due one day before class.
52:19课程最后 I’ll close, by the way,
52:22我来讲一下 哪些人不应该选这门课 by telling you who shouldn't take this course. Okay?
52:25首先 如果你不喜欢今天的课 First of all, if you didn’t like this lecture,
52:28你就别来了 then don’t take this course,
52:29因为以后的课 because this is what the lectures
52:31也是这样 are going to be like.
52:32众口难调 They’re not for everybody.
52:37我会用很多松散性联想 I use a lot of loose associations,
52:39来阐述中心思想 and try to gather them back in.
52:40我会四处走动 And I kind of wander around,
52:42跟你直接对话 that way I can talk directly to you,
52:45我很喜欢这么做 which I like doing,
52:45当然 如此我会牺牲一部分组织感 but I sacrifice a certain amount of organization for that.
52:48但这是值得的 But my sense is that it’s worth the sacrifice.
52:52第二件事是 这门课的阅读材料很多 非常多 The second thing is there’s a lot of reading, a lot.
52:56其中很多是硬性的科学文章 And a lot of it is, I would say, a lot of it’s hard science.
53:01尤其是下半程的课 The last half in particular.
53:02上半程我们更多 But the first half of a lot of it’s
53:04在讨论哲学 philosophical in nature.
53:06哲学和心理学 Philosophical/psychological.
53:08所以如果你不喜欢这种话题 So if you’re not interested in that,
53:11比如你喜欢纯科学 if you’re a pure science type
53:13或是对临床心理学不感兴趣 and you’re not interested in the clinical element
53:17不愿意去探索 of personality, and in investigating
53:20临床理论背后的 the philosophical underpinnings
53:22哲学思想 of those clinical theories,
53:23你也别来了 then I would say this isn’t the course for you.
53:25要慎重考虑 So you should take that seriously,
53:28因为阅读材料真的很难 because the readings are hard,
53:29为这门课你需要下很大功夫 there’s a lot of work involved in this course
53:31你要选课的话 and it would be better if you took a course
53:33最好选自己真的想上的课 that you actually want to take.
53:36所以 欢迎来到心理学230 So welcome to Psychology 230,
53:39我们稍后见 and we'll see you in a bit.