Quotes

0:08Hi everyone. Today we're going to be

0:10talking about how to quote sources.

0:12We're going to also talk about what is a

0:14quote, when you should quote and when

0:16you should not quote, why you should

0:18quote, and how you should use quotes.

0:22So, what is a quote? Well, quotations

0:25use exact wording of the source and they

0:27put those words in quotation marks. They

0:31also cite the source, date, and page to

0:33indicate that this is somebody else's

0:36work and not yours.

0:39When should you quote a source? Well,

0:41you should quote a source when you want

0:42us to hear the author's expert voice to

0:45lend credibility to your own work.

0:48You also want to quote when the language

0:49is so eloquent, powerful, or memorable

0:52that you couldn't say it any better.

0:54And also, when the language is

0:56especially clear and concise, and a

0:58summary or paraphrase would just create

1:00wordy or unclear sentences.

1:02Keep in mind that a quotation should

1:04never stand alone.

1:06You should never begin a sentence with a

1:08quote, and you should always explain

1:10your quote after you properly cite it.

1:13So, here's some quoting errors. Um, you

1:16want to quote sparingly uh and avoid the

1:18following errors. So, you want to avoid

1:20quoting too much.

1:22If you quote too much, then we lose the

1:25sound of your voice, and it's your voice

1:27I want to hear in your essay, not the

1:29expert voice. We only want to hear the

1:31expert voice in certain parts, but for

1:33the most part, this is your paper, and

1:35we don't want to lose your voice.

1:37You also want to avoid hanging or

1:38free-standing quotes. So, you wouldn't

1:41say something like, "I love to drink

1:43coffee," and then quote, "Coffee is the

1:45source of all power in the universe, but

1:47some research suggests right." So, this

1:49is considered a free-standing

1:52or a hanging quote, and we always have

1:54to introduce our quotes, so you wouldn't

1:56be able to do that. You'd have to say

1:58something like, "According to Smith

2:012021,

2:02{comma} {quotation mark} coffee coffee

2:05is the source of all power in the

2:06universe."

2:07So, how do we do it right? Well,

2:09I'm going to show you how to do it in

2:11APA style, which we will also review a

2:13little bit later on in the semester.

2:16So, we would state the author's first

2:18name only on the first use, and on all

2:20subsequent uses we would use the

2:22author's last name and date of

2:23publication.

2:25So, we might say something like, "In her

2:26book Positive Thinking, Amanda Smith

2:292014 noted, {comma} {quotation marks} we

2:33cannot succeed if we do not think we

2:35can, {quotation marks}" and then here we

2:37would put the page number in parentheses

2:39and the period at the end.

2:42On a second reference, it would be okay

2:44to just simply say something like,

2:45"Smith 2014

2:48also suggested that, {quote} humans have

2:50amazing potential to do good things,

2:52{quote}" and then again in parentheses

2:54at the end, P stands for page seven, and

2:57then period.

2:59If the person is well known, you can

3:01just use the last name only on a first

3:04reference and second reference. So, we

3:05might say something like, "Picasso 1901

3:08noted, {comma} {quotation marks}

3:10everything you can imagine is real."

3:12Period goes always at the end.

3:14So, why do you want to use quotation

3:16marks?

3:17It helps you bring gain credibility as a

3:19trusted source. You provide sufficient

3:21and relevant evidence to support

3:24and explain your ideas and claims. You

3:26protect yourself from accusations of

3:28plagiarism, and you demonstrate the

3:30ability to use outside sources, which is

3:32important in college. Again,

3:35how do you quote? Well, include quotes

3:37when you are providing examples and

3:39evidence.

3:40Um, but do not include quotes when you

3:43are writing your thesis statement or you

3:45are writing your topic sentences. You

3:48always want to remember to ice it. So,

3:50the acronym ICE should help you properly

3:52and effectively include quotes.

3:55I stands for introduce, C stands for

3:58site, and E stands for explain. So,

4:01let's talk about I first.

4:04You always have to introduce the quote

4:05with a signal phrase and then cite it.

4:08So, there's six different ways to

4:09properly do this and effectively

4:11introduce your quotations.

4:14So, you can identify the signal phrase

4:16at the beginning. You can say Harden

4:182011 notes {comma} {quotation marks}

4:22Metaphorically each rich nation can be

4:23seen as a lifeboat

4:25{quotation marks}

4:27and then {in parentheses} page three

4:29{period} goes at the end. So, this would

4:31be one way to to introduce your quote.

4:34Another way could be to introduce your

4:36signal phrase in the middle

4:38of your quote, right? So, you could say

4:42{quote} Metaphorically each rich nation

4:44can be seen as a lifeboat

4:46{comma} Harden 2011 says {comma} full of

4:50comparatively rich people page three.

4:53You shouldn't use this a whole lot. This

4:54is You see this more in journalistic

4:57writing than we do in essay writing.

5:00Another way would be to include the

5:02signal phrase at the end. You might say

5:04something like Metaphorically each rich

5:06nation can be seen as a lifeboat {comma}

5:08{quotation marks} says Harden and then

5:10we have the year of publication as well

5:13as the page number. Again, you don't see

5:15a whole lot of this in essay writing

5:18but you do see it in journalistic

5:20writing.

5:21Again,

5:22you can refer to the source using that

5:24before the quote. So, you could say

5:26something like The Economist Harden 2011

5:29suggested that

5:31{quotation marks} Metaphorically each

5:33rich nation can be seen as a lifeboat.

5:35Again, at the end here we should have

5:36our parentheses

5:38with a page number and then the period

5:40at the end.

5:44You can also provide an identifying

5:45sentence at the beginning followed by a

5:47colon, something like this. Harden,

5:492011. Again, we are always in APA style

5:53using after we have an author's first

5:54name, we're always going to have the the

5:56year publication. So, Harden, 2011

5:59invents a provocative comparison for

6:01examining the logic of foreign aid

6:04colon

6:05and then you can, you know, provide

6:07quotation marks. So, you could do this

6:09too. Again, we don't often see this in

6:11essay writing, but it would be correct.

6:16Sometimes students want to include a

6:18block quote. Um I wouldn't advise that

6:20you use a block quote in your papers

6:23because block quotes are typically too

6:25long and we tend to

6:26we tend to lose your voice.

6:29So, if but if you had to use one, let me

6:32show you how to do it. Okay, in APA

6:34style, you're going to use a block quote

6:36if you have more than 40 words or your

6:38quote goes over four lines.

6:41So, in this case, you would say Harden,

6:422011. You're going to have to introduce

6:44it. Right? So, Harden, 2011 uses a

6:48lifeboat metaphor to examine the logic

6:49by which the US gives aid to other

6:51nations. Now, when you have a block

6:53quote, you're going to indent it 10

6:56spaces. Notice we're not going to put

6:58quotation marks here if it's a block

7:00quote.

7:02So,

7:03we would indent it 10 spaces. We would

7:05provide the quote.

7:07The indentation suggests that it is a

7:09block quote. And then, the weird thing

7:12about block quotes in APA style is that

7:15you're going to put the period first and

7:17then the

7:19page citation or paragraph citation

7:22after that.

7:23So,

7:25notice that the period is not coming at

7:27the end here and that's that's not an

7:29error. It's just simply that this is

7:30what we do in

7:32when we use block quotes.

7:35What happens if you want to modify your

7:37quote? Well, typically you need to use

7:39ellipses, the dot dot dot, to show

7:41omitted material.

7:42So, we might say something like, "One

7:45theory of exceptional employee behavior

7:47posits that star employees and then

7:49notice we have a quotation mark and then

7:52we have a dot dot dot. We have the

7:53ellipsis to show that we're not quoting

7:56everything, that we've left something

7:58out and then we say, you know, we're

8:01quoting and we say,

8:02"Employees have disproportionately high

8:04and prolonged performance visibility and

8:06relevant social capital." Again, this

8:09ellipsis here, the dot dot dot, followed

8:11by the quotation marks shows us that

8:14information is missing.

8:16You can also use brackets to show that

8:19you're inserting information or that

8:20you're changing information. So, if the

8:22original sentence was, "Talking with him

8:24about how the media can promote certain

8:26ideas, and beliefs, which may be

8:29different from your family."

8:31Um

8:32we could change that. If we wanted to

8:35change the quote, we could say,

8:36"Rodriguez, 2002, insists that we must

8:40quote, talk with, and instead of him, we

8:42could say,

8:43put in brackets, our young teenagers, if

8:46that's what we're referring to in our

8:47paper,

8:48about how the media can promote certain

8:50ideas and beliefs." So, when you're

8:52going to change something, um

8:54it's okay to put it in quotes, put it in

8:57um brackets, okay, to to indicate that

9:00you're kind of translating the words,

9:02but you're not taking the words word for

9:04word.

9:06Again, you might do something like this

9:08if

9:10we have um

9:12if we're trying to

9:13we have to work the quote into our

9:15sentence. So, we might have to say

9:16something like this, "Rodriguez, 2002,

9:18insists that quotation mark, bracket,

9:22talking, instead of talk,

9:24and then bracket, with bracket, our

9:26young teenagers, bracket, about how the

9:29media can promote certain ideas and

9:30beliefs." Okay, so this would be how you

9:32could modify quotes correctly. Again,

9:35you only want to quote the parts of the

9:36sentence that you need.

9:38You incorporate the quotation into the

9:40flow of your own sentence and again,

9:42please avoid free standing or hanging

9:44quotes.

9:47All right.

9:48So, we have introduced our quotes, we've

9:51shown how to cite quotes and modify them

9:53and now you should explain the quote,

9:56okay? So, you never just want to

9:59throw in a quote and assume that the

10:01reader's going to understand how it

10:03relates to your essay or your topic or

10:06your point. You have to explain, okay?

10:08So, after you introduce and cite the

10:10quote, you still need to explain it and

10:12there's many different ways again um

10:15that you can explain your quotes. You

10:16could provide an analysis that connects

10:18the quote to your main idea and topic

10:19sentence. You can explain why it's

10:22important and relevant. You just need to

10:24make sure that whatever you do, the

10:25quote supports your topic sentence, your

10:28main idea or your thesis.

10:31So, these are some sentence starters to

10:33help you explain your quote. You might

10:35say

10:37"This study proves that", "This article

10:40indicates that", etc.

10:43All right, so how do you use this in an

10:45essay? You use quoted sources to

10:47introduce facts, you can. You can use

10:50quoted sources to introduce ideas. You

10:53can use quoted sources to start and

10:54continue a discussion and you can use

10:56quoted sources to give examples.

11:00So, this would be an example of how you

11:02might be able to integrate the quote

11:04into your

11:05paragraphs.

11:07So, again, we'll start with the topic

11:10sentence and we might say

11:12"The invention of the traffic light by

11:13Garrett Morgan made automotive

11:15transportation safer." That is our topic

11:18sentence, right? So, we might say "As

11:20the Federal Highway Administration FHA

11:232016 has suggested", this is our This is

11:26our introduction to the quote. Um

11:29"Before the traffic light's invention"

11:31and now we're citing it.

11:33It was not uncommon for bicycles,

11:35animal-powered carts, and motor vehicles

11:36to share the same thoroughfares with

11:38pedestrians. Accidents frequently

11:40occurred, and so here we have our quote.

11:42We have our page um listed in

11:44parentheses and then a period after. And

11:46then we explain that, right? We might

11:49say, "After the invention and

11:50implementation of the traffic light, the

11:51number of collisions was reduced and

11:53thus created a safer environment for

11:55automobile travel." All right. So, this

11:58is how you would integrate quotes into

12:00your paragraphs. If you have questions,

12:04please ask.