Full transcript
0:00foreign
0:09[Music]
0:25good morning
0:26welcome to this ongoing online course on
0:29understanding and reducing greenhouse
0:31gas emissions focus on scope 1 and 2
0:34emission reduction through building
0:36design and construction
0:38this is week 3 of this ongoing course
0:40and first lecture of this third week
0:43where we are going to understand what
0:46the ghg protocol which is actually
0:49driving this entire discussion and you
0:52know defining what scope 1 2 and 3 is so
0:56this is what we are going to look at in
0:58as an overview I am your instructor
1:00professor of lokita agrawal I am an
1:03associate professor in Department of
1:04architecture and planning at IIT roorkee
1:07so before we move forward in this week
1:09and I start with discussing the ghg
1:12protocol let us quickly
1:14see what all we have covered so far so
1:17we have actually covered the entire
1:19historical evolution of this entire idea
1:23of sustainable development and then
1:25gradually moving to climate change and
1:28then realizing that why what is the most
1:31important contributor to this climate
1:34change and then there we realized that
1:36burning of fossil fuels the conventional
1:40fuels is the primary cause and hence the
1:42greenhouse gas emissions is what we are
1:45coming to so we looked at the the
1:48related Concepts to carbon emissions
1:52carbon Footprints and we very broadly
1:55looked at what all goes into when we
1:58have to calculate the carbon footprint
2:01for for any activity for any product
2:05so this is what broadly we have seen
2:07evolving further from there the carbon
2:10footprint calculation we are moving in
2:13this lecture today we are introducing
2:15the principles and history of greenhouse
2:19gas protocol and we will
2:22overview as an overview look at the gag
2:24accounting standards
2:26so let's begin with the introduction and
2:29the principles of ghg protocol
2:31so gig protocol and we will look at a
2:34very brief history because uh we were we
2:36talked till Paris agreement 2015 gag
2:40protocol had already come into existence
2:42by that time but it was after Paris
2:45agreement that the activity is gained
2:47momentum and the whole protocol which
2:50had already been prepared actually came
2:52to light and it was continuously being
2:55used and it is in use more and more so
2:59that is what we are seeing there so gig
3:02protocol actually emerged
3:05on the basis of a report which
3:07identified an action agenda to address
3:10climate change and that required
3:13standardization of gag emissions so
3:16we've broadly discussed OK what is gag
3:19emission or uh you know the world came
3:22together to agree on this that we have
3:25to reduce greenhouse gas emissions we
3:27have to reduce the carbon footprint but
3:30how do we do it how do we measure it I
3:33may say as a as a company as an as a
3:36manufacturing industry I may say that I
3:39have reduced my gig emissions by so and
3:42so percent
3:43how would these numbers be verified how
3:48would we rely on the numbers that each
3:50individual company is giving so there
3:52have to be certain standardization of
3:54measurement standardization of the
3:57procedure and that is where the need for
4:00a protocol arose and ghg protocol came
4:04into existence so what does it provide
4:06it basically provides accounting and
4:09Reporting standards so now what we have
4:11agreed so far by this point is that we
4:15have to reduce Jag emissions okay now
4:18this is established everybody knows that
4:20we have to reduce we want to reduce one
4:23we have to know how to reduce it and we
4:25also have to know that how much have we
4:28reduced quantification is necessary so
4:31this is what this particular protocol
4:33provides us accounting and also
4:35reporting because if we have to reduce
4:38it now what makes me to actually reduce
4:42the emissions there has to be certain
4:44reporting mechanism there has to be
4:46certain measurement mechanism and also
4:49some sort of framework which is binding
4:52for everybody to reduce today we do not
4:55have a binding mechanism or a framework
4:58which asks companies or the world to
5:01reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by
5:03certain percentage but voluntarily as
5:06part of Paris agreement which we have
5:08already seen countries states the
5:10parties they are already agreeing to
5:12becoming Net Zero or reducing their
5:15emissions by certain percentage so to
5:17fulfill this target which the countries
5:21the parties have set for themselves we
5:23have to measure the emissions that have
5:26been reduced so India has committed that
5:28by 2070 India wants to become a net zero
5:32emission country now if India has to
5:34become a net zero emission country and
5:36India proclaims by 2050 itself that we
5:39have become come on at zero country who
5:42and why should somebody believe that yes
5:45India has done this so this is what we
5:48require we require a reporting standard
5:50also that how do you calculate and how
5:52do you report this is what greenhouse
5:54gas protocol ghgp provides us it also
5:58provides us the globalized standardized
6:01Frameworks to measure and also manage
6:03the greenhouse gas emissions so it's not
6:07just measuring and Reporting it is also
6:09managing the greenhouse gas emissions
6:11and we will see what all will come as
6:14part of the the protocol because we are
6:17wanting to reduce emissions and not just
6:20reduce but also measure them and report
6:24them and overall manage the gig
6:26emissions so the fundamental aim Remains
6:29the Same that we have to reduce
6:31emissions but how do we do it
6:33systematically in a very standardized
6:35manner is what this protocol is
6:37providing us so why because we clearly
6:40understand that there is a need to
6:43reduce emissions and just as I mentioned
6:46we also need to have a standard method
6:49to report and measure them so in 1998
6:53wri actually published a report which
6:56was called safe climate and Sound
6:58business
6:59this was this particular report is
7:01considered as a parent report or the
7:05origin of what later came to be known as
7:08gag protocol so this particular report
7:11was actually prepared by wri it was
7:14published by wri with the help of large
7:17corporate Partners such as BP and
7:20General Motors that was in 1998. now
7:23this particular report it identified the
7:26action agenda to address climate change
7:28that included the need to standardize
7:30the measurement for ghg emissions it was
7:33in this particular report that it was
7:34realized that certain businesses might
7:36already be doing very good and certain
7:38others many others might be needed to be
7:42motivated to reduce their emissions but
7:45how do they reduce what do they need to
7:47do how will they report how much have
7:49they reduced all of that required it was
7:52felt that they required a standardized
7:54measurement and that is how the ghg
7:57protocol the need for it was felt and it
7:59came into existence now quickly going
8:03over the principles of gig protocol so
8:06basically how the accounting and
8:08Reporting shall be done to make it
8:10standardized and make it uniform across
8:13so there are five distinct principles
8:16first is relevance
8:18so we have to ensure that the gag
8:20inventory we will come to gag inventory
8:23but basically it is the inventory of
8:25different types of emissions different
8:28types of activities and related
8:30emissions that are there so what all is
8:32going to be included in that for example
8:34if you look at the world the inventories
8:37are limited the businesses may be many
8:39but the set of inventories would change
8:42but individually if you look at
8:44inventories they will remain the same
8:46for example I am a corporate company I
8:48am an I.T company for example so what I
8:51will have I will have offices I will
8:53have data centers I will have servers I
8:57will have people who will be commuting I
8:59will have fleets of transportation to
9:01bring my people into the campus I will
9:04have buildings in which people will be
9:06sitting and operating now if we look at
9:08the individual resources individual
9:11activities that are going into this
9:13bigger company which for example I've
9:15taken here as it company so I have
9:18buildings where people will be sitting
9:20so there could be offices data centers
9:22or everything but there are buildings
9:24that is one kind of Activity one kind of
9:28product which is within this this entire
9:31system it will have its own inventory
9:33then I might be talking about the
9:36transportation which will have its own
9:37inventory so these are different
9:39activities different services or
9:42resources each of these so it so many
9:46resources put together but each one will
9:48have its own inventory so here when we
9:50are talking about relevance we are
9:53actually ensuring that the inventory
9:55that we are using it appropriately
9:57reflects the gig emissions of the
9:59company and then it serves the decision
10:02making need of the users both internal
10:04and external to the company so how when
10:07we will when will we be able to measure
10:09the greenhouse gas emissions correctly
10:11when we have the right inventories
10:13identified and in place so we can
10:16generic generic inventories can be made
10:19and the gag protocol provides several
10:21such inventories hundreds of inventories
10:23are available they've been developed
10:25over years as part of gig protocol but
10:28which ones are relevant to the industry
10:30which one ones are relevant to the
10:32company has to be identified that's the
10:35first principle and very very important
10:37the other is completeness so we have to
10:41account for and report on all gig
10:43emission sources and activities
10:46so the second principle is completeness
10:48we have to account for and report on all
10:52gig emission sources and activities
10:54within the chosen inventory boundary so
10:56first we have selected the inventories
10:59and within that we have to talk about
11:01completeness now for example as I said
11:04there is for example transportation that
11:06we have taken now Transportation or any
11:09other activity for that matter one is
11:11that it is operating
11:13it is you know every day so many number
11:16of trips are being made so many people
11:19get inside the uh the bus or whatever
11:23Transportation facility we've been uh
11:25We've provided so that is one part of it
11:28now the second part will be what kind of
11:31fuel is going in so it could be an
11:33electric bus it could be a CNG based bus
11:36it could be an LPG based vehicle or it
11:39could be petrol or diesel whatever so
11:42there is a variation in terms of fuel so
11:44one is how many trips what distances
11:47this is one thing the other could be
11:50fuel the other thing could be the
11:52efficiency of the of the vehicle that we
11:55are talking about there could be a lot
11:58of other factors which will actually
12:00make the gig accounting for how much
12:02time when we are operating it how much
12:05time is the bus stopping is it
12:07continuously on air conditioning on or
12:09not or things like that a lot of these
12:12things have literally everything has to
12:14be included as part of the inventory to
12:16make it complete if I'm talking about
12:18say buildings so what all am I
12:20considering inside the building for
12:22example if I have a diesel generator set
12:25a lot of Indian cities have this issue
12:28of power cut so to manage that the
12:31companies often have their own DG sets
12:35or if not DG it's been replaced now we
12:38have the generator sets now when we are
12:43actually calculating how much of energy
12:45did the building consume operational
12:47energy did the building consume often we
12:50tend to forget that there was a part of
12:53the energy which was actually supplied
12:54by the by the generator set now when we
12:58are accounting because the metering of
13:00this generator set is not going to the
13:02to the meter which is actually built it
13:04is a separate meter a lot of times we
13:07might be forgetting to include this DG
13:10set into this so this is not making the
13:12inventory complete while we might be
13:14thinking OK I have considered everything
13:15within this building envelope the
13:18materials the the energy consumption
13:19that is going in and a lot of things but
13:22a small thing like this which might
13:25eventually have a huge impact is left
13:27out this is what we are talking about as
13:30completeness that the inventory so all
13:32the sources emission sources and
13:34activities within the chosen inventory
13:36boundary they have to be included they
13:38have to be complete only then will we be
13:40real is reporting the correct gig
13:42emissions so this is completeness then
13:45we are talking about consistency so we
13:47have to use consistent methodologies to
13:49allow for Meaningful comparisons of
13:51emissions over time and this is what gag
13:54protocol ensures that there is a parity
13:57in terms of methodology somebody
13:59calculates it this way somebody
14:01calculates it the other way and then we
14:03will not be able to make the comparisons
14:05that who is doing better as far as JG
14:08emissions are concerned and also over
14:10time the same company 10 years back I
14:13calculated my gig emissions using
14:16certain other methodologies 10 years
14:18later I use certain different
14:19methodologies and then I try to compare
14:21that is not a comparable data set so
14:24this is what we are talking about
14:25consistency that we have to use the
14:28methodologies which are consistent
14:30consistent over over time and over
14:33similar activity elsewhere there will be
14:36differences in terms of geography in
14:38terms of context but in general the
14:41similar inventories should use similar
14:44methodologies is what we are talking
14:46about here and then transparently the
14:49document we have to transparently
14:51document any changes to the data
14:53inventory boundary methods or any other
14:56relevant factor in the time series so
14:59we're using the same methodology but if
15:01there are any changes in the inventory
15:03itself then we have to transparently
15:06document those changes whether they
15:08result in higher emissions or lower
15:10emissions they have to be transparently
15:12documented and reported and that brings
15:14us to the fourth principle which is the
15:16most important principle and that is
15:18about transparency so in a bid often you
15:21know we might come across intense where
15:24in a bid to reduce greenhouse gas
15:26emissions though it is still non-binding
15:28but the companies are trying hard
15:30they're working hard to reduce their gig
15:32emissions now when they are wanting to
15:35reduce their DHA emissions there could
15:37be certain scenario where the company is
15:39actually wanting to have lesser number
15:42reported now in that case we really have
15:45to work towards reducing the emissions
15:47and not just omit certain activities
15:50from the calculation and have some wrong
15:53numbers reported or maybe they are other
15:56way around it could also be higher
15:58number reporter for some reason so we
16:00have to actually be transparent in
16:03documenting all the boundaries all the
16:06inventories activities that are emitting
16:09gig for that particular company so we
16:12have to address all relevant issues in a
16:14factual and coherent manner based on a
16:18clear audit Trail how do we do that that
16:20is what the protocol is providing us so
16:24transparency of course has to be insured
16:27from the company's end but the gag
16:29protocol provides us a framework to be
16:33transparent to transparently document
16:34all the emissions that are emerging from
16:36the the activities and then the last
16:39principle which is that of accuracy so
16:42we have to ensure that the
16:44quantification of gag emissions it is
16:47systematically neither over nor under
16:50the actual emissions so and as far as
16:53can be judged and that uncertainties are
16:55reduced as far as practicable so there
16:58will be uncertainties there is no doubt
17:01about that it is for any company to be
17:03operating there are thousands of
17:06activities which are taking place day in
17:08and out so sometimes there could be
17:10certain activities or certain specific
17:13points which might be omitted or which
17:16are too insignificant to be included but
17:20we have to be we have to reduce the
17:23uncertainty communities as far as
17:24possible is what we are talking about
17:26and we have to achieve sufficient
17:29accuracy to enable users to make
17:31decisions with reasonable accuracy
17:33accuracy and Assurance as to the
17:36Integrity of the reported information
17:38which is why we are reporting this gig
17:40emission is not for somebody else or to
17:43show to somebody it is for the company
17:45itself that what are the activities
17:48which are actually emitting more gig and
17:52how can we reduce it so first thing is
17:55knowing where the emissions are
17:57happening and then also knowing as a
18:00second step how to reduce those
18:02emissions so we can only reduce the
18:04emissions once we know that which are
18:06the emitting activities which are the
18:08more emitting activities so these are
18:10the five principles of gig protocol on
18:12the basis of which the entire protocol
18:14has been designed now very briefly I am
18:18going to run you through the history in
18:201990 there was a requirement for
18:22international
18:24emission it was it was realized and in
18:281998 as I said this report by wri named
18:31safe climate and Sound business was
18:34published and it was supported by bigger
18:36corporates such as BP and General Motors
18:38and that made the that kind of provided
18:41the base work for the first edition of
18:45corporate standard of gag protocol that
18:47was in 2001. at that time it was known
18:51as corporate standard and gradually that
18:53got elaborated and which is what we know
18:56as ghg protocol today and in 2015 almost
19:0015 years later you Paris agreement was
19:03signed created under the unfccc which is
19:07what we have seen so this is how the
19:09these are the important events which
19:11have led to the development of gag
19:13protocol and the final version of the
19:16gag protocol is this is it is still
19:19evolving more and more inventories are
19:21being added more and more businesses are
19:22being uh you know kind of covered under
19:26the protocol if you look at certain
19:28other similar activities and similar
19:31organizations which have been created
19:33based upon the gig protocol so in 1988
19:36of course we know that ipcc was created
19:39in 1997 1998 was when the the report was
19:45created by wri around the same time not
19:48very known and not very established gag
19:50protocol was created but it did not it
19:54was not elaborate and did not have so
19:56many inventories and other things but as
19:58a name it was created after that based
20:02upon the ghg protocol and the 1998
20:04report in 2000 carbon disclosure project
20:07was also founded CDP does similar things
20:10just as gag protocol does so these are
20:13all gig accounting methodologies and
20:17then ISO was formed in 2006 and we will
20:20go to understand in the second lecture
20:22of this week we will understand what
20:23international organizations for
20:25standardization ISO and the protocol and
20:29the standard which is relevant to ghg
20:32protocol this particular standard also
20:34draws from the ghg protocol largely this
20:37is one four zero six six four it has
20:39three parts which is what we will look
20:40at in detail in the second lecture of
20:43this week and then there was this
20:45another initiative which was called
20:46science based targets initiative sbti
20:49this was launched again it does similar
20:52things just as CDP and gag does and 2015
20:56we know various climate agreement it
20:58came into a force and then we also had a
21:01tcfd task force for climate related
21:04disclosures again this is a climate
21:06related discourse the disclosure and
21:09largely talking about emissions but all
21:10these for example science with based
21:12targets so it is not just emission
21:14Target but it is also water targets and
21:16other targets which have been included
21:18but in Gig protocol we are only talking
21:21about JG emissions largely and then in
21:242019 there was a partnership for carbon
21:26accounting Finance measures that became
21:28a global initiative
21:30so these are largely the ones which are
21:32talking about the accounting of carbon
21:35emissions plus other emissions may be
21:38certain for example as bti but largely
21:41they are talking about carbon emissions
21:42the gig emissions now coming through gag
21:45Accounting Standards within ghg protocol
21:48So within gag protocol we have these
21:51seven standards for different purposes
21:54for different user groups for different
21:57entities so we have a corporate standard
22:00which was also the first one to be
22:01established so we have the corporate
22:04standard which enables corporate
22:07accounting and reporting for corporates
22:09then we have gag protocol for cities
22:12where this is the protocol for Community
22:14scale greenhouse gas emission
22:16inventories so the cities will have
22:18several corporates under the
22:21umbrella and it will have many other
22:22infrastructure related activities and
22:25projects uh going on so this is for
22:27cities then we have mitigation gold
22:29standard which is actually driving it is
22:33providing the guidance for Designing
22:34National and sub-national mitigation
22:36goals and a standardized approach for
22:39assessing and Reporting progress towards
22:41goal achievement so this is largely at a
22:43national and sub-national level that it
22:46helps in defining in formulating the
22:49mitigation goals and also provides the
22:52standardized approach then we have
22:54corporate value chain which is largely
22:56dealing with the scope 3 and we will
22:59come to what scope one two three is in
23:01the subsequent lectures of this week but
23:03it largely looks at the scope 3
23:05emissions through the entire value chain
23:08so it is not the direct emissions which
23:10are seen from the from the assets that
23:12are being owned by the company but it is
23:14through the entire value chain from
23:16where the raw material is being procured
23:19and how the delivery is happening to the
23:21end user through that entire value chain
23:24we are looking at the emissions which
23:26actually go in the scope three emissions
23:28so this is Corporate value chain
23:30standard then we are looking at policy
23:33and action standard it helps in it
23:37provides a standardized approach for
23:38formulating the policy for reducing gig
23:40emissions so the the governments
23:44different governments different uh
23:46companies they have to formulate
23:48policies to achieve the targets of
23:50reducing GHA emissions so this
23:52particular standard it helps them and
23:56provides them with a standardized
23:57framework on how to define how to
24:00formulate the policies product standard
24:03it can be used to understand the full
24:05life cycle emissions of a product and
24:08focus on the greatest gag reduction
24:10opportunities so there are different
24:12products and they have different
24:14activities which have to be undertaken
24:17for manufacturing this particular
24:19project product which are the activities
24:21which require the specific Focus if you
24:25want to reduce the gig emission is what
24:27this particular standard deals with and
24:29the last one is Project protocol so this
24:31is a protocol for project accounting and
24:34it is one of the most comprehensive
24:37policy neutral accounting tool for
24:39quantifying the greenhouse gas benefits
24:41of climate change mitigation projects so
24:44today world over specific projects are
24:48being undertaken which are addressing
24:51directly which are helping mitigate
24:54climate change or helping reduce
24:56greenhouse gas emissions so it is not
24:58that as part of my day-to-day activity
25:00whatever activity I will be doing I will
25:02be doing it so that it has lesser ghg
25:05emissions or carbon footprint we are
25:07talking What specifically activities
25:09which will be mitigating climate change
25:12the purpose of the project is to
25:14mitigate climate change this is what is
25:17handled in this project protocol so
25:21these are the seven standards which are
25:23covered as part of gig protocol we will
25:27quickly go through through each one of
25:29these and one thing which I would like
25:33to emphasize here is what is not covered
25:36in this particular protocol and what is
25:38covered so the first one as we said is
25:40Corporate standard corporate accounting
25:42and Reporting standard this is a kind of
25:46guide for businesses and organizations
25:48who are disclosing emissions so as I
25:50said disclosing emissions reporting
25:53emissions is not a binding thing but
25:56more and more corporates and businesses
25:58are coming forward to report their
26:00emissions so this particular standard it
26:04the objectives are to improve
26:06transparency and Co which we have seen
26:09which are the general objectives of JG
26:12protocol but it helps businesses to
26:14prepare an accurate and unbiased gig
26:16inventory by using a standardized
26:19methodology and overall bring down the
26:21costs for creating gag inventories by
26:24providing standardized requirement so it
26:28is usually used by businesses and other
26:31entities that create emissions for
26:33example even the universities the
26:35academic setups that we are in there
26:37also the entities that can be using this
26:40corporate standard so we are not
26:41corporates academic institutions are not
26:44corporates but they can also use these
26:47standards this particular standard is
26:51not helping us quantify the reductions
26:53for the gag mitigation projects so what
26:56we are doing as I just mentioned it is
26:59only helping us in knowing
27:02recording reporting measuring the
27:05emissions that are taking place
27:07so today if I have to measure the or I
27:12have to report the gag emissions of IIT
27:15roorkee as a business entity or as a
27:18corporate entity let us consider so all
27:21it will help is in reporting measuring
27:25quantifying and Reporting and what do I
27:28have to do for doing that of course I
27:32will have to start from identifying the
27:34activities which are emitting and then
27:37you know knowing the inventories for
27:39that putting all the inventories
27:41together so we will come to this
27:43particular part as well when we start
27:45with scope one two and three emissions
27:47that how do we do it so where the
27:50emissions are happening how do we
27:52calculate them how do we report them so
27:55all that mechanism we will come to later
27:57but this particular standard does not
28:00help us in quantifying reductions for
28:02ghg mitigation projects it is not for
28:05that it is for regular businesses then
28:08we have gig protocol for cities so
28:10objectives are pretty much the same just
28:12that this is for cities and the
28:16inventories when we are talking about
28:17cities the inventories are going to be
28:19many many and there are because there
28:22are several businesses each business
28:24will have its own reporting but then
28:26when we are talking about cities we will
28:28have the infrastructure projects so we
28:31are actually talking about the
28:33infrastructure the services that the
28:36city is providing that the city has
28:38direct control over so this is the uh
28:41the scope within which this particular
28:44protocol works and again it is not to be
28:48used for removals of emissions
28:51Accounting in agriculture forestry and
28:55other land use so we are talking about
28:57all the infrastructure and everything
28:59that is part of the city but we are not
29:01using it to account for the removals
29:04that are happening on account of forests
29:06that are going to be there so we are
29:09excluding these land uses specially
29:12Agriculture and Forestry and other land
29:14use where removals are happening as part
29:16of the JG protocol for cities
29:19then we have mitigation goal standard
29:22this is helping the national and
29:26sub-national governments for creating
29:29measuring and disclosing emission
29:31reduction targets so when we say that
29:33India wants to become India aims at
29:36becoming Net Zero emission country by
29:402070 how will it do that how will it
29:43report that it is through mitigation
29:45goal standard that it will measure and
29:49it will disclose that this is the
29:51emissions these are the emissions that I
29:53have been producing so total if I if we
29:56say that India wants to become Net Zero
29:58emission through this goal it will
30:00clearly mention that this is how I am
30:03becoming I am reaching the Target now
30:06when we are using this particular
30:09standard we are comparing disclosures so
30:14from one country to the other country
30:16and there we have to be very very
30:19careful of the methodologies that have
30:21gone into accounting so how the
30:24accounting has been done a country is
30:26not a small entity it is a very large
30:29country it is a very large entity and
30:32there are several cities states so many
30:35businesses so much of infrastructure
30:37that is going in and here we will also
30:39be talking about the policies and policy
30:42implementation What policies have the
30:44Nations formulated and how those
30:46policies have been adopted by different
30:48businesses down the line and how
30:51together they have resulted in the
30:53reduction of emissions and here we will
30:56also be talking about the different
30:59emission reduction projects that are
31:02coming within the purview of the nation
31:04because the moment we see that we are
31:07achieving or we are targeting say Net
31:09Zero emission we are looking at the
31:12greenhouse gas emissions that are being
31:14made and we are also looking at how they
31:16are being absorbed they are being
31:18removed they are being sequestered from
31:20the environment so this is this is
31:22overall the Nations accounting so this
31:25is what is mitigation goal standard then
31:27as I said policy and action standard is
31:30a guide for policy makers and other
31:32decision makers to measure how policies
31:35and actions influence gig emissions so
31:38we have to say what all policy
31:42Provisions are being made by the country
31:44and just the previous standard which was
31:47for mitigation gold for countries
31:49National and sub-national governments
31:51there I mentioned that how the policies
31:54are eventually going to affect reducing
31:57or the gag emissions this particular
32:00standard actually talks about how a
32:03policy will eventually impact the
32:06emissions for example if
32:09a country promotes the use of electric
32:12vehicles
32:14and maybe there is a policy where the
32:17subsidy is introduced on electric
32:20vehicles that ok there will be a 30
32:22subsidy on electric vehicles now this is
32:25a policy that whoever purchases electric
32:28vehicle the government is going to pay a
32:32subsidy of 30 percent
32:33what is going to be the impact of this
32:36policy on Gag emissions how do we
32:39calculate that how the uptake of this
32:42policy is how the uptake of purchase of
32:46electric vehicle is going to be impacted
32:48by this policy is what we have to
32:50calculate what number is likely to be
32:53sold what how much would be the
32:56tentative usage and how all this
32:58together and how much of the
33:01conventional fuel driven vehicles are
33:04going to be replaced by the electric
33:05vehicles all this together is the impact
33:09of one single policy which is that there
33:12will be a subsidy on electric vehicles
33:14and what this particular policy as an
33:18impact has on greenhouse gas emissions
33:20is what this standard helps us to
33:23calculate policy and action standard
33:25next we have corporate value chain scope
33:283 standard and this gives guidance for
33:31evaluating the indirect emissions along
33:35for example I am and I am a developer
33:40buildings developer so we construct so
33:43for example I am a developer we
33:46construct buildings now if I say that
33:49the buildings that I am constructing
33:52which is actually the end product of
33:54this particular company so we are not
33:58talking about the corporate office of
34:00this developer house which I own but I
34:02am also talking about the end product
34:04which is the building and the kind of
34:07materials that go in so if I'm using uh
34:10AAC block or I am using burnt clay
34:12breaks or I'm using csebs what materials
34:16am I using and how those materials are
34:19being procured so maybe that I am using
34:21a burnt clay brick but how that burnt
34:24clay break is being manufactured am I
34:26going with conventional method of baking
34:29the clay brick or I am taking the break
34:32from a kiln which is uh extremely
34:35efficient so there the entire value
34:38chain from where the soil is being
34:40procured is it following the
34:42environmental standards it is is it uh
34:45you know using the efficient systems and
34:47equipment that entire value chain and
34:51the emissions through that entire value
34:53chain is what this particular standard
34:55deals with now here again it should not
34:58be used for quantifying avoided
35:00emissions or reductions as a result of
35:03offsetting ok so we are not talking
35:06about this this is going to be covered
35:09in the another standard which is the
35:11project protocol and again it is not to
35:14not for making comparisons of scope 3
35:17emissions between the organizations this
35:19is only for the reporting of one
35:21particular or organization that we are
35:24using the standard for so the next one
35:27is product life cycle standard where we
35:29are talking about the life cycle of the
35:31entire product that is being delivered
35:33so as a final product for example for
35:36this particular developer house which we
35:38were just talking about if the building
35:40is the final product what is the product
35:44life cycle emissions is what we are
35:47going to cover in this particular
35:49standard then we have a project protocol
35:51so we were talking about product earlier
35:54and here we are talking about project
35:56protocol for measuring gig emissions
35:59reductions from grg mitigation projects
36:02so especially the gag mitigation
36:04projects for example for example India
36:07in a bid to become Net Zero undertakes
36:11huge afforestation exercises
36:13now we might be thinking that
36:15afforestation is
36:17simply you know just absorbing the
36:21emissions the sequestering the emissions
36:22but it is not just that when we are
36:25developing the forest at that time
36:28certain emissions might also be might
36:30also be released the plants are being
36:33transferred for an year or three years
36:36they will be watered and there will be
36:38water provision made to that area so all
36:42that could be included or might be
36:45resulting in emissions I'm just giving
36:47you some broad examples but from any
36:51such mitigation project gag mitigation
36:53project the emissions that would be
36:56resulting or
36:58we will be reducing all of that will be
37:00covered as part of the project protocol
37:03now there are other standards which we
37:06had talked initially also which are
37:08similar to the use of greenhouse gas
37:12protocol which help us in accounting gig
37:15accounting so we have as I had clearly
37:18mentioned we have the CDP carbon
37:20disclosure project which recommends
37:22reporting organizations to use the ghgp
37:26when responding to disclosure requests
37:28then we also have which we have talked
37:31about the science based Target
37:33initiative sbti
37:35and it require companies to follow the
37:38jigp's corporate standards so these are
37:41the organizations and initiatives which
37:44are actually based on greenhouse gas
37:46protocol criteria and they are helping
37:49in accounting of gag emissions but the
37:52criteria the protocols and standards
37:54remain largely that provided in
37:57greenhouse gas protocol then ISO 14064
38:01so ISO also is kind of complementary to
38:04the gag protocols corporate standard so
38:07this is these two kind of go together
38:10then there is another one Environmental
38:13Protection agencies U.S EPS Center for
38:15corporate climate leadership's guidance
38:17and that also aligns with ghgp there is
38:21another Global reporting initiative gri
38:24and it is based on the requirements of
38:27the corporate standard and corporate
38:29value chain standard so it is largely
38:31covering scope one two and three all the
38:34scopes for corporates so gri is looking
38:38only at corporates so there are so many
38:40of these standards and initiatives
38:42across the world these are accounting
38:44methods which are basing their Works
38:47their accounting strategies on the ghg
38:51protocol now this is the last slide of
38:54today's lecture we are not going to
38:56discuss scope one two and three
38:57emissions which are given in ghgp we
39:01will be discussing them separately from
39:03third lecture onwards of this week but
39:05we are largely talking about scope one
39:08scope 2 and scope 3 emissions we will
39:10discuss in detail but very broadly if
39:13you have to understand you have to
39:15understand that scope 1 emissions are
39:17the direct greenhouse gas emissions that
39:20are occurring from the sources that are
39:22controlled or owned by an organizations
39:25Organization for example when I am
39:27talking about the bus fleet so the
39:29emissions that are happening because of
39:31the transportation Fleet that we are
39:33talking about is a direct emission so
39:35this is the director mission that we are
39:37talking about scope 2 emissions are the
39:40indirect emissions that are associated
39:42with the purchase of electricity or fuel
39:45or heating or Cooling in the assets
39:48which are owned by the company so for
39:50example
39:51as an I.T company which I was giving
39:54example of they have a huge office and
39:57the electricity that is going to be
39:59supplied in the that particular building
40:01so there is no direct emission on the
40:03site itself because electricity here for
40:06the I.T company is a clean fuel but
40:09where the electricity is going to be
40:11produced and how that electricity is
40:12getting produced the emissions that are
40:15happening there are the indirect
40:16emissions which will be accounted to the
40:18build to the building to the to the
40:20company so reducing the energy
40:22consumption itself will result in scope
40:252 emissions saving or saving the
40:29indirect emissions that are happening
40:31because of actions here in the office
40:33and the scope three emissions we are
40:36talking about indirect emissions from
40:38all upstream and downstream activities
40:41which are not included in scope 2. so
40:45scope 2 we are only looking at indirect
40:47emissions resulting from the purchase of
40:49electricity heating cooling so all
40:51others which are upstream and downstream
40:54in the value chain of the company the
40:57indirect emissions from that are going
40:59to be accounted in this scope 3. so we
41:01have direct indirect scope to indirect
41:05scope 3. so these are the three emission
41:07Scopes that we are going to cover in
41:09detail and we will look at examples of
41:12different businesses and what scope 1 2
41:15and 3 would mean for them now before we
41:18will move on to that I must tell you
41:20that this is still an emerging emerging
41:24topic of discussion there are a lot of
41:27times there are confusions and
41:29discussions over what needs to go in
41:31scope 1 or scope 2 or scope 2 or scope
41:343. so this discussion is still happening
41:37it is evolving which inventories should
41:39be covered as part of scope 2 and which
41:41inventories and activities should go as
41:43part of scope three scope 1 often is
41:46clear because it is direct emission we
41:47know what is causing direct emission
41:49here but often scope 2 and 3 because
41:51they are indirect so we need to look at
41:54very keenly what are the activities
41:57which need to go where
41:59so there will be a lot of example but
42:02yet you have to understand that it is
42:04still an evolving field and would
42:06require more and more of discussion and
42:08Clarity will come as the discussions go
42:11forward and this particular protocol
42:13becomes more and more established with
42:15more and more inventories and examples
42:17and cases coming into into a picture and
42:20more and more companies starting to
42:22report the emissions so that's all in
42:25this particular lecture thank you very
42:27much for joining me and I'll see you for
42:29the lecture two of this week tomorrow
42:30thank you and bye
42:32thank you
42:34[Music]