Full transcript
0:00foreign
0:09[Music]
0:25good morning
0:26welcome to the lecture 4 of this ongoing
0:28course on understanding and reducing
0:30greenhouse gas emissions with a focus on
0:32scope 1 and 2 emission reduction through
0:34building design and construction I'm
0:37your instructor professor of lokita
0:39agrawal associate professor at the
0:41department of architecture and planning
0:43IIT roorkee in the previous three
0:46lectures of this first week where we are
0:48kind of trying to understand what this
0:51whole discussion is and why at all are
0:54we talking about greenhouse gas
0:55emissions in the first place we are
0:58going over the history which we've seen
1:00in the previous two lectures and in the
1:04third lecture we talked about what
1:06climate change is how do we know that
1:08climate change is for real and then we
1:11also saw that historically how have we
1:14started to discuss about climate change
1:16and what we are where we are today and
1:20then we also saw the goal 13 on climate
1:23action of sdg and also the progress on
1:26this particular goal and the alarming
1:28thing was that we are nowhere near to
1:31the Target set in goal number 13 on
1:35climate action rather we are moving away
1:38so we increase the total greenhouse gas
1:41production by six percent
1:43by 2021 from setting the sdg goal 13. so
1:48which is
1:49really
1:50disheartening and also requires for an
1:53urgent action in this lecture we are
1:57quickly talking about introduction to
1:59climate risk types of climate risk and
2:02some examples of climate risk now why
2:05are we talking about climate risk and
2:08after talking about climate change so
2:11some of you might argue that okay
2:13climate change is happening so what I am
2:16staying comfortably inside my homes and
2:20I am having enough supply of food and
2:23everything now we might be experiencing
2:26that because we are not part of the
2:28vulnerable group of people of
2:31communities we might be in a country
2:34where we are protected and safe from a
2:37lot of these impacts because of climate
2:40change and that is important for us and
2:44for everybody and think of it we are
2:46sitting in India and we are not a
2:49developed country as of now like Europe
2:51and America now somebody who is staying
2:54in Europe and America needs to
2:56understand the repercussion the impact
2:59of his or her actions on the people
3:02Elsewhere on planet and that's what we
3:04were talking about when we were talking
3:06about sustainable development it is not
3:09Place bound it is not time-bound it is
3:13very large on timeline it is
3:16geographically it covers the entire
3:18planet and not just that Beyond Planet
3:20also the impact of our risks is what we
3:24were talking about in sustainable
3:25development now here we have to very
3:27clearly understand that our actions
3:30and the impact of that in the form of
3:33climate change has an impact on
3:36vulnerable population it is risky and
3:39not just vulnerable population at
3:41certain point of time it becomes a risk
3:43for everybody when it it is a severe
3:47climate Hazard for example hurricane or
3:49Cyclone or a typhoon it doesn't
3:52discriminate between vulnerable people
3:55and not vulnerable people people who are
3:57who are better off so it doesn't the
4:00nature doesn't discriminate and that is
4:01why we have to clearly understand that
4:03what are the climate risks that we might
4:06be subjected to so quickly what is a
4:09climate risk climate risk is the
4:11potential for climate change to create
4:13adverse consequences for human or
4:17ecological systems and this includes
4:20impacts on lives
4:22livelihoods health and well-being
4:25economic social and cultural assets and
4:29Investments infrastructure Services
4:32provision ecosystems and species
4:36so we are literally covering everything
4:39we are talking about ecosystems we are
4:42talking about species species who cannot
4:44talk for themselves who cannot fight for
4:46themselves like plants the trees the
4:49Flora the animals a lot of animal
4:52species we are talking about livelihoods
4:55a lot of people they lose their
4:57livelihood think about them being
5:00surviving without a livelihood how would
5:02one be able to feed for their family to
5:06support their families in the absence of
5:08livelihoods a lot of you know depletion
5:12of Social and cultural assets so
5:15earthquakes raising the entire historic
5:19towns is a depletion of cultural asset
5:23social assets and similar to that so
5:26literally everything can come under the
5:29umbrella of climate risk and here if you
5:32you can see if you can look at this
5:34particular graphic we are talking about
5:36the spectrum of this climate risk and it
5:39it covers issues wide-ranging issues
5:43from environment to social social
5:45cultural to economic literally
5:48everything so we're talking about
5:50the climate events extreme climate even
5:54such as cyclone and storms we're talking
5:56about extreme rainfall Heat Wave
5:59temperatures acidification of oceans
6:01Glacier Retreats sea level rise
6:04desertification we're talking about land
6:07and Forest degradation we're talking
6:08about salinization and then even such as
6:11drought flooding
6:13eventually leading to loss of
6:16biodiversity now this is largely the
6:20environment related events that we are
6:22talking about further taking two
6:25socio-cultural and economic aspect now
6:27what does ipcc say on inflammatory risk
6:31it says that one of the primary goals of
6:33the ipcc that was created by the unep
6:37United Nations environment program and
6:39wmo World Meteorological organization
6:42is to evaluate climate risks and explore
6:46strategies for their prevention and
6:49publish this knowledge each year in a
6:52series of comprehensive reports so two
6:55very clear tasks one is to evaluate the
6:58risks that are there due to climate
7:01climate change the climate risks that
7:03we're talking about and then strategies
7:06for their prevention how these risks can
7:09be prevented and mitigated is what we
7:12have to talk about now if we talk about
7:15this this particular framework of ipcc
7:19we are talking about the interaction of
7:24Hazard vulnerability and exposure to
7:27assess the climate risk in general for
7:30any risk assessment this is what we do
7:33we evaluate the hazards the
7:36vulnerability of the people and the
7:39exposure of the populations to this
7:41Hazard together this defines how severe
7:44is the risk and that's what we are doing
7:46in climate risk too now we are talking
7:49about majorly five risks here under the
7:53ipcc umbrella we are talking about risk
7:56to unique and threatened systems
7:58we are talking about the extreme weather
8:00events distribution of these impacts
8:04that how they are distributed these
8:07impacts so they might be focused one
8:09type of risk might be focused in certain
8:11area while some might be commonly spread
8:15for example increasing of temperatures
8:17and the risks Associated due to heating
8:19they might be globally spread almost
8:23equally while certain events for example
8:26the Cyclones they might be in certain
8:29specific parts of the world so
8:31distribution of these impacts Global
8:33aggregation of the impacts and
8:35large-scale singular events for example
8:38a massive tsunami is a large scale
8:41singular event which might be triggered
8:44and which might be a climate related
8:46phenomena it is One Singular event but
8:49it has catastrophic
8:51implications so this is what ipcc says
8:55about identifying and analyzing climate
8:58risk so when we talk about analyzing
9:00this this risk climate risk we are
9:03talking about Hazard vulnerability and
9:06exposure what does hazard mean acute and
9:10chronic weather climate events so the
9:12severity of the hazard is what we are
9:16talking about here for example there is
9:18flooding how severe is the flooding is
9:21what will be measured as the hazard risk
9:25Hazard of the risk then we are talking
9:27about exposure so across all scales and
9:30systems for example number of people in
9:32the floodplain so we are already talking
9:34about the severity of the flood then we
9:37are talking about exposure how many
9:38people are exposed to the floods for
9:41example in India we have kosi river
9:44which floods almost every year but then
9:47we know that this is the area in which
9:50the Cosi River will shift its ah course
9:53of flow so we already are prepared we
9:56alarm people and while the flood is
9:59severe
10:00there are less people who are exposed to
10:02to that flood because we are better
10:04prepared we move the people in right
10:06time and so the exposure level is
10:08reduced so the hazard severity of the
10:11hazard is high but the exposure is low
10:15while in certain areas in certain cases
10:18it might be that the severity is low but
10:20the exposure is very high so people were
10:22not prepared and they caught unaware
10:24they were caught unaware and a lot of
10:26people got exposed to it the third is
10:28vulnerability how vulnerable is somebody
10:31for example
10:33in the same flood plain if somebody has
10:35a pakka house and a two-storied house so
10:38the flood due to the flooding the area
10:41might be inundated by around 1.5 meters
10:43for somebody living in a kacha house in
10:47a single storied kacha house the house
10:49might totally get shattered and the
10:51person might be in a neck deep water
10:54that population is more vulnerable
10:57compared to a person a family living in
10:59a Paka house where they can go from
11:02ground floor to the first floor or
11:04second floor and still remain at least
11:06protected from the flood water even if
11:09there is a loss of belongings the there
11:11is less of Life risk so that is the
11:15vulnerability that we are talking about
11:17and usually people belonging to lower
11:20income groups so they do not have
11:22adequate shelter they do not have
11:24adequate resources and whatever minimal
11:27resources that they've been able to
11:28accumulate is the oil that they have so
11:32they are more more vulnerable to a risk
11:35together all these three when we we
11:39bring together that will give us the
11:42severity of the risk how impacting the
11:46risk would be now here we are talking
11:48about if you're talking about exposure
11:50and vulnerability what we can do and if
11:52you remember sdg goal number 13 it
11:55talked about two parts one is the
11:58resilience building strengthening the
12:00communities adaptation so as I said that
12:03we already are prepared that kosi will
12:05flood every year so we move the people
12:08that is adaptation and resilience we
12:10know how it is going to behave and so we
12:13are better prepared for example the
12:16disaster relief organization the force
12:19that we have prepared so in India almost
12:23in every city we have this disaster
12:26relief force and they will take care of
12:29the exposed and vulnerable population so
12:32this is resilience this is adaptation so
12:36one side of climate change climate
12:39action for climate change requires
12:42building on adaptation and resilience
12:44that will look at that will respond to
12:47the exposure and vulnerability part
12:49on the third side which is the hazard
12:52side severity of the hazard side we have
12:54to talk about mitigation how do we
12:57reduce flooding now we have developed
13:00our cities in such a manner that we have
13:03constructed in the extreme low-lying
13:07areas which was supposed to be left
13:08awakened now if you're talking about and
13:11then we've cut down all the forests so
13:13the water which was supposed to get
13:15absorbed into the ground due to the
13:18plants and fallow land being there
13:21jungles being there and then the
13:23remaining water which was running off
13:25was allowed to accumulate in certain
13:27water bodies in certain low-lying areas
13:29now what we have actually done is we
13:32have developed we have cut all our
13:33jungles and we've developed all that
13:35area so that is more likely to flood
13:39every year because there will be more
13:40surface runoff more runoff of the water
13:43and that water will eventually get come
13:45and get collected in the in the slow
13:47lying area which is now part of the city
13:49city which is now developed so we are
13:52talking about policies here we are
13:54talking about gag reductions here so why
13:57would flooding take place now flooding
13:59we are taking as only one example now
14:01here we are literally looking at all the
14:04events wildfires hurricanes Cyclones
14:08flooding flash flooding we are talking
14:12about incessant rains we are talking
14:14about droughts all these are climate
14:17change induced events that are taking
14:20place and they can be mitigated just
14:23like we totally went back we totally
14:26reversed the ozone depletion and we
14:29could cover it up in similar way we can
14:32reverse climate change as well and that
14:35requires adopting mitigation measures
14:38such as reducing greenhouse gas
14:41emissions and one is produced less and
14:45two is absorbed more by planting more
14:47and more trees make Planet greener so
14:50that is what we are talking about in the
14:51in the hazard part
14:53if you look at the world uh this is just
14:57a graphic for 2017 just for one year and
15:01you can look at the number of events
15:04that have happened so we're talking
15:06about exceptionally heavy rains
15:08contributing to deadly landslides we are
15:12talking about 80 percent of foods
15:14insecure people living in Hazard prone
15:17areas major bleaching in the Great
15:19Barrier Reef extreme heat waves floods
15:23major destructions due to successive
15:26hurricanes we are talking about drought
15:28and food security related internal
15:32displacements and we are talking about
15:34destructive wildfires across the world
15:37so not no specific area but I think a
15:40lot of areas across the world are
15:42witnessing such such events so this is
15:45just one year a summary of events in one
15:48year and continuing with that we are
15:51also identifying noticing that that
15:54ocean acidification is continuing sea
15:57ice is well below average sea rise
16:00continues warmest Five Years on record
16:03greenhouse gas concentrations continue
16:05to rise warmest year
16:07ocean heat content at record high levels
16:12so just as we concluded in the previous
16:14lecture the climate change is not
16:17slowing down at all in fact the graph is
16:21only going up and this the slope is
16:23becoming steeper unfortunately despite
16:26having so much of discussion so much of
16:28halagula about climate change and
16:31everything we are still on the same path
16:34and that is the most unfortunate aspect
16:37of it we are having successful treaties
16:39successful conventions protocols and
16:42Frameworks where ah majority of the
16:45world is coming together and yet on
16:47ground action is probably in negative
16:50it's it's not even zero it's a negative
16:54and that's why we're seeing this thing
16:56ok now we come to the different types of
16:59climate risk and here very quickly we
17:01will go over the the different types of
17:04climate risks that people can be exposed
17:08to now here what we've generally
17:10understood is that this is the risk
17:13because of the climate hazards these
17:16severe events that we are looking at for
17:20example people might be exposed to
17:22extreme heat because of the increased
17:24temperature or extreme weather events or
17:27crop failures there could be sometimes
17:29bumper crops also because there is so
17:32much of uncertainty in uh in weather
17:34that there could be bumper crops but at
17:36the same time A lot of times we would
17:38see crop failures because the the
17:40temperature is the the weather changes
17:43there happen happening polar cap melting
17:47changes towards ecosystem epidemics
17:49disruption to the North Atlantic current
17:52so all of these impacts are expected but
17:56the types of risk if we classify them
17:58they are Way Beyond what we think
18:01climate risks are first which we clearly
18:04understand which all of these which I
18:06just talked about can be categorized
18:08into is the physical risk so physically
18:11tangible which we can understand oh
18:13there is so much of heat there is a heat
18:15wave going flooding is happening drought
18:18is there uh there is a stress for crops
18:21there is there is a reduction in the
18:24duration in which the crops would grow
18:26and all of that these are all physical
18:28risks we understand in fact we are
18:32largely talking about these physical
18:34risks but there are some more severe and
18:40important risks which are transition
18:41risks now as we are talking about
18:43climate change and the risks because of
18:46climate change we are also realizing
18:48that we need to mitigate them how do we
18:51mitigate them we will have to adopt
18:54measures for mitigation for example we
18:57have to move from conventional sources
19:00of fuel for generating electricity to
19:03more and more alternative fuels for
19:05example solar Parks now there is a
19:08thermal power plant which is already
19:10functioning in a in an area in a
19:13geographic area in some country and that
19:16that must have required a lot of capital
19:19cost to to set up a thermal power plant
19:21but now due to this climate risk due to
19:26this climate change and requirement to
19:29reduce greenhouse gas emissions what we
19:31need to do we need to abandon the
19:34thermal power plant and we need to move
19:36to solar power
19:38which requires setting up of large solar
19:41Farms
19:43funding for that now that is a risk in
19:47transition will that function
19:49it requires a lot of so there is an
19:51economic cost for it whether there will
19:54be now in in this period so the finance
19:59the capital from one particular category
20:03will have to be shifted and this entire
20:05shift in funding will have to be only
20:08for uh mitigating the climate risk for
20:12reducing the climate change and that is
20:15what we are talking about we will have
20:17reduced capacity of coal plants because
20:20we are wanting to reduce them the
20:22electricity prices might soar because we
20:25want to make it pricier the fuel price
20:27prices will have to grow so we are
20:29seeing in our own country here that the
20:31fuel prices have been increasing it's
20:33not just because the world has a lower
20:35you know Barrel price it is because we
20:38we want to encourage people to reduce
20:40their dependence on conventional Fuel
20:43and transportation use more and more of
20:45public transportation and things like
20:46that so all these are the risk risks in
20:49transition when we are talking about
20:51these risks we also have to understand
20:53that greater responsibility has to lie
20:56with the developed countries because
20:59they have and it has been an agreed
21:02concept that ah whoever eats more pays
21:07more so whoever has consumed the
21:10resources more
21:11also has to pay for the price now at one
21:15point of time the developed countries
21:17the the industrialized economies the
21:19ones which got industrialized earlier
21:22they were able to consume more resources
21:26because of the industrialized the
21:28machines that they that they had the
21:30rest of the underdeveloped or developing
21:33world was still still not consuming
21:35resources at that pace now this under
21:38developed or developing world has come
21:41to a level where they can consume
21:43resources but now two things one
21:45sometimes the resources are not
21:46available two even when they can they
21:50are being asked not to do so because the
21:53world is already facing severe climate
21:55change we don't want to go for the
21:57consumption of alternative fuels what
22:00should what should be done so that is
22:02where the higher cost has been put on
22:04developed countries and that is also a
22:07transition risk that is also an economic
22:09risk so if you look at the climately in
22:12total there are physical risks and there
22:14are transitional risks within that we
22:16can classify them physical risks can be
22:19classified between acute risks for
22:22example floods droughts storms or they
22:24can be chronic risks so acute risks are
22:27single event maybe not just single but
22:31individually each event is the risk that
22:34we are talking about but chronic risks
22:36are the generic risk for example
22:38increase of average temperatures now
22:40that is a chronic risk it's continuously
22:42going up and up and it has severe
22:45impacts so precipitation changes sea
22:48level increase these are the chronic
22:50risk if we talk about transitional risk
22:52these are resulting from economic
22:53transformation or any change that
22:55requires the DraStic reduction or
22:58elimination of greenhouse gases to
23:00achieve a net zero scenario
23:02so this is the transition risk that we
23:05are talking about there can be political
23:07regulatory risks for example the price
23:11of carbon the regulation for Energy
23:13Efficiency finds litigations so all of
23:17that is in political and Regulatory
23:19risks technological risk renewable
23:22technology price will decrease so
23:25earlier the solar panel which would come
23:27for Price X is now coming at 0.5 x so
23:31there is a risk for the price reduction
23:34we are talking about reputational risks
23:36and clients pressure so there could be a
23:38pressure from clients so a lot of
23:41companies today
23:42are moving towards becoming Greener
23:45Greener companies Greener corporates now
23:48that is a client pressure so a lot of
23:51times there has been there will be a lot
23:54of pressure from the clients from public
23:56from suppliers even from employees
23:58within the company to reduce the the
24:02footprint the carbon footprint to reduce
24:05the greenhouse gas emissions from the
24:07overall functioning there could be
24:09market and other risk for example
24:10connected with a wide spectrum of
24:12potential benefits in the value chain
24:14and so you need to do all these are
24:17transitional risks when we decide to
24:19move to a net zero scenario now this is
24:23largely happening in case more acutely
24:27in case of developed countries and
24:28companies which are bigger multinational
24:30companies for smaller underdeveloped
24:33countries there are more of physical
24:35risks and slightly less of trans
24:38transitional risks that we are looking
24:40at so we are talking about transitional
24:43risks resulting or leading to economic
24:46risks besides these direct physical
24:50climatrists there are also a lot of
24:52indirect risks for example regulation
24:54and litigation risks which we talked as
24:56part of the transitional risk there are
24:59competitive risks for example the
25:01companies which will not adopt the
25:05environment friendly measures or who do
25:09not portray their image or work on
25:12reducing their carbon footprint they
25:14will be competitively disadvantaged
25:16because there is a growing consensus in
25:18the world over which company is greener
25:21and to buy products and to adopt their
25:24services
25:25then we may also have the production
25:28risks because of the direct physical
25:32risks that the lands may be the
25:36resources may be damaged and the
25:38production may be halted or it could
25:40also be that the the price for the
25:44resources will increase significantly
25:46for example the price for Energy might
25:48increase significantly and then we have
25:51reputational risks which we have just
25:52covered in the transitional risks
25:54now I will quickly take you through some
25:57examples of the climate risk so one is
26:00This Global temperature we have totally
26:03departed from the 1981 to 1910 average
26:07which was closer to zero in 1900 around
26:111925 and we've we are constantly moving
26:16uh higher so in
26:182021 we are talking about plus 1.2
26:22degree centigrade is what we are talking
26:25about this is the overall Global
26:28temperature rise resulting in rise in
26:32sea level so sea level as is anticipated
26:35Will Rise by one feet between one feet
26:38to eight feet by two thousand one
26:41hundred which is a terrifying number
26:45again I say that these are all model
26:48predictions
26:49how much of the temperature Global
26:52temperature will affect the glacier
26:54melting the ice melting and how much of
26:56that water is going to reach the sea how
26:58the evaporation levels will be affected
27:00how the rains precipitation levels will
27:02be affected all of that together will
27:05give us the exact number but it is
27:07anticipated as on date through various
27:10models that the sea level may rise
27:12between one to eight feet the global sea
27:17level has increased we saw in the
27:20previous lecture also by around 0.2
27:22meters
27:24and this is significant we might be
27:27thinking that oh it's just 0.2 meters
27:30how much how much is it it is not much
27:33but the for coastal areas it is a
27:37significant rise
27:39some
27:40hundreds of square kilometers rather
27:42thousands of square kilometers of
27:45coastal lands has already gotten
27:48submerged and people cannot live there
27:50houses have gotten submerged the waves
27:53are reaching deeper into the mainland
27:55and that is what sea level rise is uh
27:59pushing people to then there is
28:01shrinking snow caps almost all mountains
28:04earlier which had snow at the tops that
28:08cap is significantly reducing and this
28:13is one of the evident risks and then it
28:16it risks the entire ecosystem that is
28:18around it we are talking about a long
28:22list of extreme weather events this is
28:24just in 2022 we are talking about
28:27wildfires we are talking about famines
28:30floods
28:31unprecedented burning of forests
28:34wildfires that I just said there are
28:37there is extreme heat wave across the
28:41world specifically in areas which
28:43otherwise remain cooler so since 2015 I
28:47think there has been a lot of discussion
28:49around
28:49deaths due to heat wave in Europe Europe
28:53the northern part of Europe too which
28:55was significantly cooler and people were
28:58not used to bearing heat they were not
29:01adapted to bearing heat are now being
29:04forced to witness to withstand the Heat
29:08Wave and that is causing deaths it is
29:11affecting people severely so all these
29:15are what we are talking about as series
29:17of extreme weather events again just for
29:20one year I am presenting here but this
29:22is like an ongoing thing every year we
29:25have series of such events hurricanes
29:28Cyclones typhoons all of that
29:30storms severe devastating storms across
29:36bringing incess and rains flooding
29:39certain areas uprooting trees uprooting
29:42houses Vehicles resources assets it is
29:47devastating
29:48we are talking about Cyclones not just
29:51these are this is just one event that
29:52I'm mentioning here but it is happening
29:55across the globe Cyclones the severity
29:58is increasing the frequency is
30:00increasing so for all these events
30:02floods very recently we've seen such
30:06devastating deadly floods in Pakistan
30:08and it has literally displaced more than
30:1233 million people
30:14floods displacing 33 million people in a
30:18small country is a very large number and
30:21out of that the vulnerable population is
30:25the most it is the worst affected
30:27population and that's what we saw when
30:30we were looking at the climate risk the
30:32three parameters together
30:34and not just you know underdeveloped
30:36countries so nature doesn't discriminate
30:38as I said flooding in Australia a large
30:41part of the country got flooded then
30:45there are even such as Lightning Strikes
30:47the number the severity as well as the
30:50number is increasing we witnessed a lot
30:52of lightning strike events in India in
30:572022 and there were several deaths due
31:02to the lightning uh
31:05strikes here
31:07wildfires are increasing Europe
31:09witnessed
31:11several wildfires in the mid-august the
31:15Wildfire was almost the size of
31:18Azerbaijan an entire country look at the
31:22amount of precious resource that has
31:25been burnt down along with it so much of
31:29gases so much of carbon dioxide and all
31:33other greenhouse gases that have been
31:35released so much of land that has been
31:38turned into fallow so much of Flora and
31:42Fauna that that is that has been put on
31:45the verge of Extinction we are talking
31:47about such events as risks here heat
31:51waves we just talked about heat waves in
31:53Europe U.S particularly the areas which
31:56were used to remaining colder typhoons
32:00severe typhoons powerful typhoons and
32:04preparedness is something that will so
32:07adaptation and resilience is the part
32:10where we will reduce the number of
32:12deaths number of lives lost human lives
32:15lost but we are surely going to lose a
32:20lot of assets and a lot of resources to
32:23all these events then hurricanes which
32:26have become more common every now and
32:28then we read about news of hurricanes
32:31different hurricanes stores snowstorms
32:34hail storms incessant flash rains
32:38and drafts so on one side in certain
32:40parts of the world there is Extreme
32:42flooding and on certain other parts of
32:44the world there is there are droughts
32:47and for mines so these are the climate
32:50risks that the climate change is going
32:53to put us to
32:54and depending upon how well prepared we
32:58are how vulnerable we are we will be
33:01exposed and we will be treated because
33:04of these risks the need is to mitigate
33:08these this climate change by first
33:12making policies and then implementing
33:15them and two is strengthening
33:17communities adapting and becoming more
33:20and more more resilient now after
33:22understanding all these risks we will
33:25quickly see in the next lecture what is
33:28the impact of development we are talking
33:30about climate change happening and we
33:32will see some more instances of impact
33:35on the environment on nature
33:38human health economies due to the
33:42so-called development we say it is human
33:44development but the picture and the
33:48impact on nature our own health and
33:51well-being doesn't really give us that
33:53clear uh an idea that we are really
33:56developing
33:57so we will quickly look at that and then
34:00we will move on because we have now
34:02established that greenhouse gases are
34:04the ones which need to be significantly
34:07reduced we have to reduce the production
34:09of greenhouse gases and so we will move
34:11on to see
34:13how the world has come together how the
34:16protocols and others how they promote
34:19the implementation of actions to reduce
34:22greenhouse gases and specifically seeing
34:25the mitigating actions so thank you very
34:28much for joining me in this lecture for
34:31this week tomorrow we will be
34:34seeing you will be with me for the last
34:36lecture of this week one of this ongoing
34:39course on greenhouse gas emissions
34:41understanding them so thank you very
34:43much for joining me see you tomorrow
34:46[Music]