Full transcript
0:01INSTRUCTOR: Hello, everyone, welcome back.
0:02So we're going to go ahead and get started on our next topic
0:05here, modern monarchs, and how these modern monarchs in the
0:091600, 1700s played a huge role in Western civilization
0:13history.
0:14So as just a reminder, a review that we've done
0:17is we've kind of started with the Middle Ages
0:19just to give a brief overview talking about what life was
0:22like and then the events that helped trigger
0:24the end of the Middle Ages--
0:25the Black Death and how that changed so much of the power
0:29structure, and when we moved into the Renaissance
0:33a little bit.
0:33But this is where, for History 111, the heart of the course
0:37really gets going where you begin to really understand
0:40what the modern world is all about and with specific rulers
0:44and names of people.
0:45In the History 111, class the first couple
0:48lectures I didn't give you the names of too many people.
0:50In this lecture, you're going to start
0:52to get some names some very important monarchs,
0:54and you're going to want to know about them, what they did,
0:56I'm going to set everything up for you here in a minute.
1:00So you're also going to start using your textbook
1:02a little bit more.
1:04Specifically, this is going to be material in chapter 15
1:06in your textbook.
1:07And when we get to a certain point in this lecture,
1:11in this series of lectures, I'll show you
1:12how to use your book a little bit
1:14in terms of those primary sources.
1:16If it's not in this video, it's going
1:17to be in the very next video, so just pay attention for that.
1:21All right, so what are the modern monarchs?
1:24How does all this work?
1:25What I want you to know.
1:26Let's set up the objectives.
1:27Always want to know, what are the key objectives I
1:29want you to know?
1:30So let's set it up here on our next slide.
1:32So there's basically three major types
1:35of monarchies in the modern world, in the mid,
1:39late-1600s into the early mid-1700s.
1:42And there are these three.
1:44Constitutional monarchy, which is also
1:46known as parliamentary monarchy, absolute monarchy,
1:49and Eastern absolute monarchs.
1:51And I put where you see each one of them mainly focused.
1:55So when you think of constitutional monarchy,
1:57we mainly think of England; absolute monarchy, we
2:00think of France; and Eastern absolutism,
2:03Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
2:06And there are other examples as well,
2:08but we're not going to talk about everything.
2:09It's going to be the first, two constitutional monarchy
2:12and absolute monarchy, that we're going to focus most on.
2:16And essentially, what I need you to on those two,
2:19the key objectives is, number one, how did it develop?
2:23How did each system develop?
2:25Who are the key people that made England
2:27into a constitutional monarch?
2:29Who are they, what role did they play,
2:31and how did England become a constitutional monarchy?
2:34And then you're going to have to be able to describe it.
2:36What is a constitutional monarch?
2:38What is it-- how is it different than,
2:40well, an absolute monarch?
2:41And then you'll need to the same thing for absolutism.
2:44In an absolute monarch, who are the key people
2:47who help develop absolutism?
2:48And then after that, what are the characteristics
2:51of absolutism?
2:53What makes an absolute monarch an absolute monarch?
2:55I'll touch on Eastern absolutism as well,
2:58but it's really the first two that I
3:00want to focus on the most in my series of lectures here
3:04on this.
3:05So definitely that's the key objective,
3:08understanding how each one develops,
3:10who are the key people who allow to develop each one.
3:13There'll be a lot of names, a lot of kings
3:15you'll need to know.
3:16You can have a number of quiz questions
3:18and I'll give you some examples as well you can come up with.
3:21One of your assignments that I put out early
3:24is just to come up with questions you think
3:27might come up on the quiz and you put them out yourself
3:30and you'll see that as well coming up.
3:32And so you could get a lot of questions from these lectures.
3:36And then same thing for absolute monarchy.
3:38And this is going to make more sense, obviously,
3:40as we go through it, but I do want
3:41to make sure you understand the key objectives.
3:43All right, so let's go to our next slide, which
3:46is just a map.
3:47And so just to give you an idea where
3:49all these places are again.
3:50So again, when we talk about France over here in the purple,
3:53we're going to be focused a lot there.
3:55England, of course, we'll be focused a lot here.
3:58And when I say these Eastern absolute monarchs,
4:01those are-- sometimes people say, what's Prussia?
4:03Where's Austria and all that.
4:04Russia in this peat green over here, Prussia in the brown,
4:08and Austria in the green.
4:11And we'll be talking about all of these nations all semester.
4:14We'll probably focus more about England and France
4:17in the earlier part of the semester,
4:18but we'll definitely hit Austria and Prussia
4:20and Russia and several other areas as well--
4:23Italy, obviously, all these major countries of Western
4:25civilization.
4:27All right.
4:27And for those of you aren't aware,
4:29Prussia, you look at that, isn't that where Germany is?
4:31And yeah, we'll talk about that later in the semester as well.
4:34All right, so let's start with some key words
4:36that I want you to know.
4:38And so these are the first set of keywords.
4:41You're going to get some more names and people
4:43you need to know.
4:43And you can write all these down and then
4:46we'll go from there to talk about how
4:49constitutional monarchy develops.
4:50So this is the first thing you need to know,
4:52h does constitutional monarchy develop in England?
4:57That's step one, how does it develop in England?
5:00And so as you get these words down and talk about them,
5:03we want to get the details as well, remember.
5:05You're not just writing the keywords,
5:06you have to be able to explain this.
5:08If this comes up in an ID or in an essay,
5:10you need to be able to explain, how did constitutional monarchy
5:13develop?
5:14And I'm also going to show you-- there's
5:16a little chart you could use at the end to help you out
5:19with some of this.
5:20So parliament, let's start with the word parliament.
5:24And so parliament comes from the French word parlé,
5:30which simply means "to speak."
5:32Now if you think of Parliament in England,
5:34Parliament today in England-- let me actually
5:37show you a picture of this.
5:38So make sure you get all these key words down
5:40I'll pop some of them again up in a minute,
5:42but make sure you get them down so you have them.
5:44But let me show you a picture of what Parliament looks
5:47like today and then explain how it
5:48played a role in the eventual development
5:50of constitutional monarchy.
5:52And again, to be clear, we'll get into this in more detail,
5:55but in an absolute monarchy, there's
5:57going to be nothing that checks the power of the king.
6:01In a constitutional monarchy or parliamentary monarchy,
6:05there will be something that checks the power of the king,
6:08but one thing I should say right away is it's not going to be--
6:11people see the word "constitutional monarchy"
6:13and they think, oh, democracy and voting--
6:16no.
6:16We're not there yet.
6:18Who's going to check the power of the king
6:21in these constitutional monarchs or parliamentary monarchs?
6:24Well, it's going to be nobility.
6:25It's not going to be the average person on the street,
6:28it's going to be the high nobles.
6:30And it has a little bit to do with what's
6:32going on in Parliament.
6:33So let me show you an image of Parliament.
6:35So this is what Parliament looks like today.
6:37Now when we think of Parliament today,
6:40Parliament today is like our congresspeople.
6:42You elect Parliament members, they have different parties
6:46and they sit there and they argue with each other.
6:49And I don't know, this funny little story I heard once.
6:51There are these two red lines in the Parliament
6:54in England today, just if you could see them here
6:56on the image.
6:58And the story goes that you're not
7:00supposed to cross those two red lines when you start
7:02to stand up to talk with each other
7:04because they're the length of two swords
7:06or two long swords or something.
7:08So to keep that decorum between the two sides.
7:11Again, that was just a story I heard once.
7:13It might be a little bit of an urban legend.
7:15Regardless.
7:16And that's what Parliament is today.
7:18But Parliament back in the beginning
7:20started just as, again, a group of nobles--
7:23barons-- who would speak--
7:25parlé, to speak.
7:26And they would simply give advice
7:28to the king on how to behave and how to act
7:31and what they think they could do-- kind of like a cabinet.
7:33The king could do what he wants to do,
7:35but initially that's what Parliament seemed to be.
7:38Over the years in England, Parliament
7:40will develop an important power.
7:43Now when say this, this is going back 1300 BC.
7:46This is hundreds of years before we're even talking
7:48about constitutional monarchy.
7:50And so Parliament will develop these powers, one of which
7:53was to collect taxes.
7:55They're not going to decide so much who to tax
7:58and how much to tax, but they are
7:59going to be responsible for collecting taxes.
8:02Again, this is very different than Parliament today.
8:04It's going to evolve dramatically
8:06over the hundreds of years we're talking about.
8:08But that's essentially what role Parliament had,
8:11and you do want to remember that, that's
8:13going to become important later, that they are the ones who
8:15would collect taxes.
8:17Now, what ends up happening is this
8:19in terms of the chain of events that helps to lead
8:22to constitutional monarchy?
8:25You had a Queen of England named Queen Elizabeth.
8:28Queen Elizabeth dies in the year 1603.
8:31She came from a very famous line called the Tudor family
8:34and that was those words I'd already put there.
8:37I cover that in History 110.
8:38It's a great little story.
8:40And so the Tudor family, she is the last of the Tudor line.
8:44She was known as the Virgin Queen, not that she was,
8:46but rather, she never got married
8:48and she never had children, and she was
8:50the last of that family line.
8:52And when she died, that starts the domino effect
8:56that essentially pushes England into a constitutional monarchy
8:59and makes it very hard for them to become an absolute monarchy.
9:03And the reason has to do with who becomes
9:06the king after Elizabeth.
9:10This guy named James I.
9:13So James I, he is from a different family.
9:17He's not from the Tudor family, he's
9:19from what we call the Stuart family.
9:22It's a different family line.
9:23And Elizabeth appointed James to be her heir to the throne
9:30because she didn't have a son.
9:32It's a long story why she does this.
9:34You don't need to know the details on that,
9:36but it had to do with some family dynamics.
9:38Apparently she killed-- apparently
9:39she killed his mom because his mom was trying to overthrow
9:44her, Mary, Queen of Scots.
9:46And so it's a long story, which you don't need all the details
9:49on, but she picks this guy from a different family,
9:54obviously, to be the next heir in line.
9:56The other issue is he's not even British.
9:59He's from Scotland.
10:01And so right off, when he becomes the new King of England
10:05in 1603, the people in England are not
10:09going to look at James I with as much admiration
10:14as they would somebody-- if Elizabeth had her own child
10:18and came from the same family line.
10:20I don't know how much you know about England and Scotland,
10:23but there's a lot of tension there.
10:24And so here's an outsider coming in, and this outsider, James I,
10:29comes in and goes, yeah, I want to be an absolute monarch
10:32and he wants to have this term control
10:34and not ask anybody for their opinion
10:36and all of this, but the nobles, and really,
10:38even the people in England are going to be, really?
10:40James, are you kidding me?
10:41You're not even from England and you're
10:43from a different family line.
10:45And so that's where you're going to start
10:48to see the development of why England becomes
10:50a constitutional monarchy as opposed
10:52to an absolute monarchy.
10:53It's one of those what-ifs.
10:54We'll never know if England had a series of other kings
11:00just from England and from the Tudor family line
11:02if it could have ever developed into an absolute monarch,
11:05but this is the kind of-- definitely one
11:06of those dominoes that pushes them
11:08towards more of a constitutional monarchy,
11:10is just having a new king from the outside.
11:14So keep that point in mind and then what happens.
11:17Now another issue that's going to come up
11:19is going to be religion.
11:20By now, I think you need to know that England
11:23is a Protestant nation.
11:25And as we go through the Stuart family line, one of the issues
11:28is going to come up is, as some of the Stuart family members
11:31are going to be Catholic, and that's
11:34going to create an issue as well in terms of England
11:37because if England is primarily Protestant
11:39and some of these Stuarts are going to be very more
11:44pro-Catholic, that was a big conflict at the time as well.
11:48All right, so that's James.
11:49That's all you really need to know about him,
11:51and he's going to try to claim absolute ruler,
11:55no one's really going to appreciate him very much,
11:58and this is going to go until about the 1620s.
12:01And then he's going to die and he's
12:03going to be replaced by his son.
12:05His son is named Charles I.
12:09And Charles I, he's an interesting figure as well.
12:13He comes in-- and Charles I comes in around 1625--
12:18just double-checking the exact date.
12:19And one of the things is-- again,
12:21you don't need to memorize exact dates for all of these folks
12:24that I gave you in that initial list of names.
12:27So yes, Charles I comes into power 1625.
12:29As long as you remember early 1600s, you're fine.
12:32You're never going to get a quiz question, what year did
12:35Charles I come into power?
12:36You are going to get a question like, what family
12:39line was James I part of?
12:43And then that's for short-answer questions.
12:45In terms of IDs and essays, you would
12:47need to give a lot more examples and details.
12:49If you have an ID or an essay on all this,
12:52you have to explain all these things.
12:54So again-- and if any of this part
12:56is ever unclear, just shoot me an email,
12:59I'm always happy to meet with students online,
13:01Zoom, whatever to make sure everything's clear for you.
13:05So anyways, who's Charles I?
13:07Well, Charles I, he comes in, and once again, he
13:10wants to be an absolute monarch, but he takes things a step
13:13further.
13:14He disbands Parliament.
13:16And he tells this Parliament in England, you guys can't meet.
13:21I don't even want you to meet.
13:23And of course, the Parliament in England
13:25get very upset about this, but, hey, he's
13:27the king, what are you going to do?
13:28And so this starts to create a lot of tensions,
13:31even more so tensions between the nobles
13:34in England and the Stuart family line.
13:37There's already been some of that before.
13:39And so here, Charles and the nobles
13:42are at each other's throat a bit.
13:44There's also going to, again, be slowly
13:46the issue of the issue of religion
13:49that's going to play even a bigger role as we move forward.
13:52But eventually, the nobles in England--
13:54or actually, I'll say Charles has a problem, eventually,
13:57and the problem Charles eventually has is the taxes.
14:00Because if he disbands Parliament,
14:02he's also alienated the group of people
14:05who help collect a lot of the taxes in England,
14:07and eventually he starts to run into some financial problems.
14:10And after, oh, about a decade of the Parliament not meeting,
14:14Charles realizes that he needs to call them back.
14:18But when he needs to call them back,
14:20that's going to open the door for a massive conflict
14:26in England.
14:27And it is through this massive conflict
14:29that we're going to see the birth
14:32of a constitutional monarchy in England.
14:34So what is that massive conflict?
14:37Well, that's what we're going to pick up on the next lecture
14:39here.
14:40All right, so we'll keep going on this
14:42in the next lecture with more Stuarts
14:44and more development of constitutional monarchy.
14:46So just-- you could just click on the next one
14:48and keep on going.
14:50All right, here we go.