Full transcript
0:00INSTRUCTOR: All right, so let's continue on.
0:03So we left off with this mini cliffhanger,
0:05where Charles I had really ticked off the parliament.
0:10And not a surprise when they get back,
0:14there's going to be a guy who's going
0:16to be really upset with him.
0:18And this is going to lead to a full out civil war
0:22inside of England.
0:23So let's talk about how this develops.
0:25And again, all of this is still part
0:27of how constitutional monarchy develops in England.
0:31So here's some key words.
0:33We'll talk about a man named Oliver Cromwell, who we're
0:35going to get into in a second.
0:37And he's the same time as Charles I,
0:39so kind of in that 1640s time period
0:43is when we're going to see him come into the time period.
0:48And then we'll talk about a man named Charles II, James II,
0:52Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, Bill of Rights,
0:55I'm going to explain all these terms again.
0:57You can pause, get them down if you need.
0:59And then make sure everything I say about them
1:03as we move forward.
1:04So what exactly is going to happen?
1:06And who is this guy named Oliver Cromwell?
1:09Because Oliver Cromwell is one of the key figures as to how
1:12constitutional monarchy develops in England in what happens.
1:17So Oliver Cromwell, there he is.
1:20Oliver Cromwell over here was a military man.
1:23And Oliver Cromwell decided he was
1:25going to lead a war, a revolt against Charles.
1:29This leads to a bloody, bloody civil war inside of England.
1:33It goes on from about 1642 to 1648.
1:37And sometimes I think in your textbook
1:40is described as two separate wars
1:41because at one point in the war, apparently Charles
1:44I says I'll be good.
1:45I'll be good.
1:45And Oliver Cromwell says OK, and then Charles says just kidding,
1:49and then he captures him a second time.
1:51And eventually, Charles I is going to be killed.
1:54Oliver Cromwell is going to have Charles I killed.
1:57And the king of England is dead now.
2:00The Stuart family line is still around, mind you.
2:03But the king of England is dead.
2:05And now this guy named Cromwell becomes
2:08the new leader of England.
2:10He becomes kind of this de facto leader of England
2:13and there's no monarch.
2:15And is this a constitutional monarch?
2:16And the answer is not yet.
2:18There's a magical date.
2:19We're going to get to 1688.
2:21When we get to 1688, that's when England really
2:24is a constitutional monarchy, and we're not there yet.
2:27Because as it turns out, once Oliver Cromwell comes
2:31into power, guess what?
2:33He becomes more authoritarian.
2:35Some people argue than any of the Stuart family line.
2:39He doesn't really share power.
2:41There was, in fact, this group this other word
2:43that I want you to know, there's Levellers.
2:45These other group of people who really advocated
2:47for more rights in England, more voting rights, and so forth.
2:51And he went after them.
2:52He didn't allow them to have a voice.
2:56At what point, he's going to dissolve parliament as well.
2:59And again, always important, don't just
3:01write down the key words, know what
3:02I'm saying about all these key words.
3:04Because if you have an idea on Cromwell,
3:06you have to be able to explain all of this.
3:09And what else?
3:10He fought a brutal, brutal war up in Ireland,
3:15killed a lot of people up there.
3:17So that was an issue as well.
3:20He took England, and he divided England up
3:23into all these military districts
3:25and he put his people in charge of all the military districts.
3:28So this goes on for several years
3:31until eventually Oliver Cromwell dies.
3:34And after Oliver Cromwell dies in the 1650s,
3:38people look at the situation and go, yeah, well,
3:42that didn't work too well.
3:44Oliver Cromwell turns out to be just as authoritarian.
3:48What are we going to do now?
3:50And after some discussions of things,
3:53they basically decided--
3:55let's bring back the Stuart family.
3:57And so we're back to the Stuart family in charge of England
4:01now.
4:02So here we go back with the Stuart family.
4:06And the question is, which one?
4:07Well, it's going to be the son of Charles I.
4:12And his name is, of course, Charles II.
4:16So what's the deal with Charles II?
4:19Well, Charles II-- this Merry Monarch.
4:22Just his nickname already tells you
4:24things are going to be interesting.
4:26He had a reputation of liking the women
4:29and having a lot of fun with that.
4:30But also the issue with him was he was just not a good leader.
4:35He alienated a lot of people in England.
4:39He was very pro-Catholic.
4:41And the issue for England is by now England is Protestant.
4:46I mentioned this in the previous lecture.
4:48And because England is primarily Protestant
4:51from the perspective of a lot of people in England of course,
4:54the Catholics are going to him.
4:56The Protestants aren't, and since England
4:58is mainly Protestant, that's going
4:59to be an issue there as well.
5:02There's a little bit more detail in your textbook about that.
5:05But there's also a big fire in England during his time.
5:08In 1666, there's a big fire.
5:11And all in all just it's not a very stable time period.
5:16One of the quick things just to mention, this is Charles II.
5:19And a note just as you're taking quizzes or exams
5:23or whatever, if on a quiz question for example,
5:26I ask, which king of England was ousted by Oliver Cromwell?
5:33And you write Charles.
5:35That's not going to be accurate.
5:36You have to write Charles I because Charles.
5:40II and so you always want to make sure to include the Roman
5:43numeral in your answers, whenever it's a quiz,
5:46or if you're writing an ID, or writing an essay,
5:48don't just write Charles.
5:50Don't just write Henri.
5:51You have to have the right ones.
5:52And do use the Roman numerals, don't do something like this.
5:56Don't write second.
6:00Do the actual Roman numerals, don't write
6:02the word second or first--
6:04F-I-R-S-T, just use the Roman numerals.
6:07So anyways, that's Charles II.
6:09He doesn't have a good reign, he actually
6:10ends up spending quite a bit of time in exile, out of England.
6:15And England is just a mess.
6:17And just to give you an idea of how big of a mess things were.
6:21Remember, this is already after the civil war and a Stuart
6:25family, and Oliver Cromwell was a mess,
6:27Charles II was so not liked.
6:31And Charles I was obviously so not liked.
6:33I found this interesting story, I'm going to read this to you
6:36quick.
6:37Today the queen of England-- this is a quick little side
6:39story but it's funny.
6:40Today, the queen of England is Queen Elizabeth I,
6:43I don't think she's ever going to die.
6:44But if she ever dies, Queen Elizabeth II-- excuse me.
6:49She's ever going to die, anyways.
6:50There's a picture of Queen Elizabeth
6:52II with every president of the United States
6:55while she's queen, since Eisenhower is just crazy.
6:57This woman's been around forever.
7:00But as of 2022, she's still alive here.
7:04And the whole issue is when she dies,
7:08she's going to be replaced by her son.
7:10Her son is Prince Charles.
7:12And the name Charles is so toxic in British history.
7:17This is what I read a few years back.
7:18Let me read this to you, Prince Charles
7:21has reportedly discussed rejecting
7:23the title of king Charles III.
7:25One he ascends to the throne because of the association
7:28with Britain's bloody past.
7:30And then he goes on to say that Charles--
7:39Oh, it's says Prince Charles whose full name
7:41is Charles Philip Arthur George is
7:43said to favor the title of George VII when he takes over
7:46from his mother current Queen Elizabeth II.
7:48So the name is so toxic.
7:50Charles, whether it was Charles I, who tried to be absolute,
7:53or Charles II with the Merry monarch
7:56that nobody even wants that name, anymore.
7:58So I just thought that was funny.
7:59So anyway, 1685 he dies.
8:02Now, well, he's power falls not to his son, but to his brother.
8:07And the brother of Charles II is a man named James II.
8:13And look at the date, 1685, we're
8:15almost at when constitutional monarchy develops.
8:18So again, all of these are the triggers
8:20that are eventually going to get us to constitutional monarchy.
8:23In 1685, this man named James II becomes
8:27the new monarch of England.
8:29And James II once again comes in and says,
8:34I want to rule in an absolute manner.
8:36And the people in England, the parliament are not this again.
8:40And he is again Catholic, supporting
8:43a lot of the Catholics.
8:44And people in England were like, oh, boy, what do we do?
8:49Do we fight him off again?
8:50Do we have another civil war?
8:52The one with Charles was very bloody Charles I .
8:55What are we going to do?
8:57And so what the nobles decide initially
9:01is James is kind of old.
9:02And James had a daughter, and these are some important words
9:06here.
9:07You're going to see here.
9:08A daughter named Mary.
9:09Here.
9:10Mary and was a man, married, to a man named William.
9:13William and Mary.
9:14And so William and Mary were both Protestants.
9:18And what the thinking was is that when James II dies,
9:23and James Ii was a bit older by now,
9:25because he was the brother.
9:26Remember, not the son.
9:27And so when James II dies, they figure well,
9:30William and Mary will take over, they're Protestants,
9:33we can work with them.
9:34Let's not have a brutal civil War.
9:36That was the plan.
9:38That was in 1685.
9:401685, 1686, 1687, I'm sure the nobles are
9:44like is, he dead yet?
9:45Is he dead yet?
9:45Is he dead yet?
9:46We get to 1688?
9:481688 James II decides that he's going
9:52to go and have another child.
9:54Does and he has another boy.
9:58Now, the moment he has a boy, that throws the whole thing
10:03into a mess.
10:04Why?
10:05Well, in the British line of succession back then,
10:09it was the eldest son who inherited.
10:13Today, it's actually the eldest child.
10:15By the way, they just changed that about less than 10 years
10:18ago think.
10:19But back then it was the eldest son.
10:22So Mary was his eldest daughter, but when Mary--
10:26the moment he has a son, that son
10:29is going to be the next king.
10:30It doesn't matter that Mary is much older than him that.
10:33Young baby, adventure is going to be the monarch.
10:35And if that young baby is now going
10:38to be influenced by people who James II.
10:41He has more influence and control.
10:43It's a wild card.
10:44You don't know what's going to happen.
10:45So the moment he has the son, the nobles
10:47say, OK, we can't take a chance with this Stuart family going
10:51down this path.
10:52And so what they do is they now revolt.
10:55And this is where you get the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
10:59And I always say, you don't need to memorize dates,
11:01but this is called the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
11:04And it's followed by what we call
11:06the Bill of Rights of 1688.
11:08So you definitely want to know all this.
11:09And so what essentially happens is the nobles
11:12go to William and Mary.
11:13And they tell William and Mary, hey, guys, how would you like
11:16to be the monarchs of England?
11:18We're going to overthrow your dad.
11:19And they're like, cool.
11:21I'd like to be monarch.
11:22So William and Mary agreed to be the new monarchs of England.
11:26And the reason, it's sometimes called the Glorious Revolution
11:29is that it's not super bloody.
11:30James actually ends up fleeing.
11:32He doesn't put up a fight.
11:34He doesn't have a lot of supporters
11:35that think people are tired with most of the Stuart family.
11:38And you go, well, Mary's part of the Stuart family as well.
11:41Yes, but this is the big point.
11:43And this is the pivotal moment that England becomes
11:46a constitutional monarchy.
11:48So this is the part you definitely want to focus on.
11:51So when William and Mary agree to be monarchs,
11:54them nobles tell them, you guys can be monarchs, but, but, but,
11:58but, but, but, but, you have to promise, promise, promise,
12:01promise, promise, you're not going to be absolute monarchs.
12:03And William and Mary say sure no problem.
12:06And then the Nobles say we want it in writing.
12:09And when they say we want it in writing,
12:11William and Mary agree.
12:13And they agree to a document.
12:15A document known as the Bill of Rights of 1688,
12:19which I'm going to go over in a second here with you.
12:21So this is the deal.
12:23To understand the development of constitutional monarchy,
12:27I believe I put a chart in your modules.
12:29And you basically need to know all the monarchs.
12:32The death of Elizabeth, and then you're
12:34just going to go James I, Charles I, Oliver
12:37Cromwell, the story of Charles II, James II,
12:41and then the acceptance of William and Mary.
12:44All of those are events are what helps
12:46bring about a constitutional monarchy.
12:49That's the cause.
12:50That's the how.
12:51Then you need to know, what s a constitutional monarchy?
12:54And all I've said up to this point.
12:56Well, it's not absolute.
12:57They have to share power.
12:59Who do they share power with?
13:00Well, the nobles and parliament.
13:03And what are the characteristics?
13:05Well, I'm not going to go and lecture to you now,
13:07on all the characteristics of a constitutional monarchy.
13:10So how am I supposed to learn about it?
13:12Well, you're going to learn about the characteristics
13:14of constitutional monarchy by reading
13:17the Bill of Rights of 1688.
13:18So I'm just going to hold this up for a second.
13:20This is your textbook, right?
13:22And in your textbook, you have these primary sources.
13:25And if you look at chapter 15, your textbook,
13:28you can find it there.
13:30And you can always even Google this if you need to honestly.
13:33You could find the Bill of Rights of 1688
13:35and you can read it.
13:36And as you read the Bill of Rights
13:38of 1688, that primary source, what you need to be able to do?
13:41Is not memorize every single point in there.
13:44But what you need to be able to do
13:45is be able to take that document and essentially summarize it
13:48in a paragraph, and tell me these are the limits
13:51towards the king of England.
13:54And what William and Mary agreed to?
13:56Because when we talk about absolute monarchy, we'll see
13:59there was nothing that checked the power
14:01of an absolute monarchy.
14:02But in the sense of a constitutional monarchy,
14:05there was.
14:05And what that thing was, that Bill of Rights of 1688.
14:09So you want to be able to explain it.
14:11And that's what mean that makes a constitutional monarchy,
14:14a constitutional monarchy.
14:16I hope that's clear.
14:17If you have any problems with it.
14:19You can read it, you could ask me.
14:21I'm happy to go over it with you.
14:22But I want you to give it a go and just read the document
14:25and say, Oh, oK, I get it.
14:26And especially this lecture is going
14:29to go with the next lectures on Absolute monarchy.
14:31Because when you cover absolute monarchy,
14:34you'll get a sense of there is nothing that
14:36checks the power of the king.
14:38So these few lectures on constitutional monarchy,
14:41Absolute monarchy, they all go together.
14:43You can watch them in parts and stuff of course.
14:45But it's like painting a picture and once you
14:47go through the whole thing, you get it, Oh, now I
14:50get why this is one way and this is another way.
14:52So I hope all that's clear.
14:54These couple lectures on constitutional monarchy.
14:56Again, you want to know absolute monarchy that's coming up.
14:59Next as always, if you have any questions, please let me know.
15:03And that's it.
15:04Make sure you took a lot of good notes on this.
15:06You can always go back, and listen to it again,
15:08hope it's all clear.
15:09And just let me know if you have any questions.
15:11Have a wonderful day.
15:12Thank you.