Full transcript
0:00The following story takes place between
0:031600 and 1700 AD . Now it's time to talk
0:22about the Viceroyalty of New Spain
0:24during the 10th century , also known as
0:26the 15th century .
0:28Palito , Palito .
0:30This was a century characterized by
0:32considerable internal peace , economic
0:34growth , a boom in the arts , and slow
0:36expansion to the north . Not to mention
0:40Spain's wars against the United
0:41Provinces of the Netherlands , France ,
0:43and England , which would affect the
0:45viceroyalties in the form of pirate
0:47naval attacks for control of certain
0:48territories . Let's begin . The war with
0:52the Chichimecas had ended thanks to the
0:54activity of the peaceful Indians ,
0:56especially thanks to the evangelized
0:57Otomi . In fact , a city founded in those
1:00years was San Luis de la Paz in
1:02Guanajuato , named in honor of the peace
1:04they achieved . With everything much
1:07calmer , the Spanish began to colonize
1:09the Vajío area . From here we can talk
1:11about Miguel Caldera , son of the
1:13Castilian captain Pedro Caldera and a
1:15Chichimeca woman named María . He is
1:17famous for having been a captain and
1:19having founded San Luis Potosí . 400
1:22families from the Trans-Calais were
1:23transferred there and their main
1:25economic activity was mining . They
1:28named it Potosí in honor of the famous
1:30silver mine found in Bolivia . The
1:33Silver Route is famous , a route that
1:35connected Mexico City , the capital ,
1:37with the mines in the north , especially
1:39those in Zacatecas . The mule caravans
1:42loaded with silver from the royal fifth
1:44, that is , what was going to the King
1:46of Spain , passed through there every
1:47month . This route was part of the royal
1:51dirt road or Santa Fe Road , a 2,500 km
1:53trade route that reached Santa Fe , in
1:56what is now New Mexico in the United
1:58States . It is considered the largest
2:01overland trade route in the world at
2:03that time . Meanwhile , the conquistador
2:06Juan de Oñate continued conquering New
2:08Mexico . In 1598 , he asked the Akoma
2:11tribe living in Akoma for supplies .
2:14They refused and both sides began
2:16fighting . Oyate won and carried out a
2:19massacre in the town and it is said
2:20that he cut off the left feet of the
2:22captured warriors . In 1601 , Oñete made
2:25an expedition to the great American
2:27plains in search of the mythical city
2:29of Kibira , which he never found . His
2:33last expedition in 1604 was the one he
2:35made to the lower Colorado River Valley
2:38. After that , he ended up being tried
2:40and exiled from America for his cruelty
2:42to indigenous people and settlers . Case
2:45closed .
2:46King Philip II died in 1598 and Philip
2:49I took over the rule . During these
2:52years , Spain experienced what is known
2:54as the Golden Age , a period of
2:56flourishing of the arts and literature .
2:59Some say that the beginning of this
3:01period is marked by the publication of
3:03Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605 ,
3:04written by Miguel de Cervantes . Other
3:07famous authors from this period were
3:09Francisco de Quevedo , Luis de Góngora ,
3:11Pedro Calderón de la Barca and López
3:13de Vega in literature and dramaturgy
3:15and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo and
3:17Diego Velázquez in painting . But well ,
3:19we will see more about this in the
3:21videos dedicated to the history of
3:23peninsular Spain . The fact is that this
3:25prosperity and apogee of the arts did
3:27not only remain in Spain , but also
3:29reached the American viceroyalties . We
3:31will see this throughout the chapter .
3:33The first viceroy of this period was
3:36Juan de Mendoza y Luna , who began to
3:38reign in 1603. His reign began
3:40disastrously , as a terrible flood in
3:43August 1604 flooded all of Mexico City .
3:47It was considered moving the capital to
3:49Tacubaya , but it was a very expensive
3:50undertaking , so it was preferred to
3:52begin a series of works to drain the
3:54lagoons surrounding the city . He also
3:58paved the streets of Mexico City and
4:00built a Roman-style aqueduct from
4:01Chapultepec to provide drinking water .
4:06This drinking water reached different
4:08sources , and there the water carriers
4:09were responsible for collecting the
4:11water to take in jars to the different
4:13homes . Speaking of Chapultepec , the
4:17Chapultepec Palace is famous , which
4:19many royals used as a vacation home and
4:21for different events . What we see today
4:24is a 17 th-century remodeling . Another
4:27famous aqueduct from that time is the
4:29Padre Tqueque Aqueduct , the most
4:31important hydraulic engineering work
4:33built in the Viceroyalty of New Spain .
4:36This very long aqueduct supplied
4:38drinking water to various towns such as
4:40ONPán , present-day Otumba , Ienpoala ,
4:43and others .
4:44I just love fresh water . Luis de
4:46Velasco , after having been viceroy of
4:48New Spain and Peru , became viceroy of
4:52New Spain again at the age of 73. As I
4:54mentioned , this guy was characterized
4:56by being loyal to his policy of
4:58protecting the natives and supporting
5:00industry . It was a period of
5:03considerable internal peace , although
5:05in 1609 the revolt of the slave Gaspar
5:07Yanga broke out , who became the leader
5:09of a band of maroons who fought for
5:10their freedom in the Veracruz area .
5:13This rebellion was particularly intense
5:15. He and his people fled to the
5:17mountains and created a quilombo
5:18palenqueo , that is , a village of black
5:20people . The group survived for 30 years
5:23, living by hunting and raiding
5:25caravans and farms . The Spanish , after
5:27several unsuccessful battles , decided
5:30to make a pact with Yanga . Thus , in
5:321618 , the crown pardoned these people
5:34and allowed them to establish a free
5:36colony called San Lorenzo de los Negros
5:39. Today this place is known as Yanganga
5:42. In addition , Luis also financed
5:45Sebastián Vizcino's expeditions to
5:47Japan from the Tokuagua suagunate . And
5:50in 1611 , Vizcino met with Emperor
5:52Gómizo . In 1613 , the Keicho embassy
5:55stands out , in which a samurai traveled
5:58to the viceroyalty and then to the
6:00peninsula to establish diplomatic
6:01relations with Spain . If you want to
6:04know more , you have this video about
6:05the history of Japan . Meanwhile , the
6:08Spanish were strengthening their
6:10positions in the Philippines , in the
6:11south of the Celebes Islands and in the
6:13north of the island of Formosa , now
6:15known as Taiwan . In 1611 , in Manila ,
6:18Archbishop Miguel de Benavides founded
6:20the University of the Philippines or
6:23University of Santo Tomás , the oldest
6:25European university in Asia . There ,
6:28students could study canon law ,
6:30theology , philosophy , logic , grammar ,
6:33arts and laws , and later medicine and
6:35pharmacy . At the same time , at the
6:38University of Santo Tomas de Aquino in
6:40Santo Domingo , Tomás Rodríguez Sosa ,
6:43a mulatto religious man and freedman ,
6:45is mentioned as a professor since 1627 ,
6:47as he was the son of a Spaniard and a
6:49former black slave . He was one of the
6:52first mulattoes to obtain a university
6:54degree in America . It's [ __ ] cool .
6:57Francisco García Guerra was the
6:59archbishop of Mexico when he was also
7:01named the 12th viceroy of New Spain . He
7:04only lasted a year , as he was killed
7:06falling from a carriage . The next
7:08viceroy did last much longer . That was
7:11Diego Fernández de Córdoba , Marquis
7:13of Guadalcázar , who was in power from
7:161612 to 1621. During his term , several
7:18cities were founded , such as Lerma ,
7:21Córdoba , and Guadalcázar . In Mexico
7:25City , construction began on a complex
7:26sewage system that improved street
7:28sanitation and helped with the problem
7:30of recurring flooding . In addition ,
7:33work continued on the aqueduct , among
7:35many other public works , such as the
7:37construction of the Royal College of
7:39Zacatecas . One project that stands out
7:42is the Fort of San Diego in Acapulco , a
7:44structure designed to defend the port
7:46from pirate attacks and protect the
7:48arrival of the Manila galleon . From
7:521620 onwards , attacks by pirates and
7:55raiders , both Dutch , English and French
7:57, became very common , especially in the
7:59Caribbean ; above all because in 1621 ,
8:02the Dutch created the West India
8:04Company , dedicated to plundering
8:06Spanish and Portuguese possessions in
8:08America . A few years earlier , on the
8:12island of Hispaniola , between 1605 and
8:151606 , the devastations of Osorio had
8:17occurred . In them , King Philip Io gave
8:19the order to the governor there ,
8:21Antonio de Osorio , to depopulate the
8:23west , center and north of the island so
8:25that the entire population would be
8:27concentrated in Santo Domingo to better
8:29control the issue of smuggling . And it
8:32turns out that many landowners in those
8:34areas , with the complicity of the local
8:36authorities , preferred illegal trade
8:37from which they could make more money .
8:40In addition , Protestant Bibles were
8:42also being imported , which the crown
8:43and the Inquisition did not like at all
8:45. Taking advantage of these
8:47depopulations , many pirates first took
8:49control of the island of Tortuga and
8:51later the west of Hispaniola , a
8:53territory that much later became Haiti .
8:56The greatest pirate raid of this period
8:58was that of Admiral Pitthein , who in
9:001628 managed to capture some Spanish
9:02ships near Cuba that were transporting
9:04silver . Another Dutch privateer was
9:08Joris Van Spelbergen , who tried to
9:10plunder the Philippines in 1617. The
9:12clash with the Spanish armada led by
9:14Marshal Juan Ronquillo del Castillo is
9:17known as the Battle of Playaonda . It
9:20was a 10 - on - 10 naval battle and Spain
9:22lost one ship while the pirates lost
9:24three , including the flagship , the Sun
9:26of Holland . The Dutch eventually fled
9:30home . In 1619 , Ana de Riederer , the
9:35viceroy , died . And Diego was left so
9:38distraught and melancholic that he
9:39wanted to stop living in the part of
9:41the palace that he had shared with his
9:43beloved . In 1621 , the new king of Spain
9:46was Philip I , nicknamed the Planet King
9:49. He appointed Diego Carrillo as the
9:51new viceroy of New Spain , who from the
9:53very beginning tried to combat
9:55corruption in the administration ,
9:56created a chair of surgery for the
9:58University of Mexico , and also fought
10:00against the effects of the drought and
10:02famine that had plagued the viceroyalty
10:04during those years . He bought a large
10:07quantity of grain to distribute among
10:09the poor in the capital and opposed the
10:10monopolization of the corn trade . He
10:13also ordered the work of draining Lake
10:15Texcoco to cease , because it seemed to
10:17him a waste of time and money . And what
10:19happened ? In 1623 , shortly after giving
10:24that order , the worst floods to date
10:26occurred and his popularity plummeted .
10:31On top of that , he then had a major
10:33conflict with the Archbishop of Mexico ,
10:35Juan Pérez de la Serna , who started a
10:37popular revolt against the king because
10:39the king wanted to demolish a friend of
10:40his who was altering the price of corn
10:42and meat to their mutual benefit , since
10:44the priest owned a butcher shop . De la
10:48Serna incited the lower classes against
10:50the king and Carrillo had to flee the
10:52palace in disguise . Shortly after , the
10:55king threw him out of his post and into
10:57your house .
10:58The new viceroy was Rodrigo Pacheco y
11:00Osorio , Marquis of Cerralvo , and he
11:02ruled for more than a decade , from 24
11:05to 35. It is said that he had a
11:06conciliatory and just nature and that
11:09his reign was generally peaceful ,
11:11except for several specific events . To
11:14begin with , he had to face a Dutch
11:16fleet that intended to invade Acapulco .
11:19He also had to quell some native
11:21revolts to the north of the new kingdom
11:22of León , where he created the Cerralvo
11:24garrison . Finally , in 1629 , Mexico City
11:28experienced the worst flooding in its
11:30history due to a savage torrential rain
11:33that did not stop for several days . It
11:36is said that the water level rose about
11:382 m and the viceroy organized a canoe
11:40corps to rescue people from the
11:42rooftops . As a result of this , there
11:45was a brutal exodus of inhabitants to
11:47the nearby town of Puebla de los
11:48Ángeles , now known as Puebla de
11:50Zaragoza or simply Puebla , near the old
11:52Atlas Mountains . Fortunately , there
11:55were no floods there ,
11:56or we would drown .
11:57Today's Viceroy Lóe X , Armendari , was
12:00one of the few bireyes born in America .
12:02Specifically , he was born in Quito or
12:04in Charcas , it is not known for sure .
12:06He came to the government of New Spain
12:08in 1635 and had to deal with the
12:10devastating effects of an earthquake
12:11that partially destroyed the dams to
12:13prevent the city from flooding , causing
12:15new floods . It is clear that nature was
12:19saying , " That is not a good place to
12:21build a city , go somewhere else . " But
12:24no . And as if it were not complicated
12:26enough to have the city built in the
12:27middle of a lake , it is also worth
12:29noting the fact that it is close to the
12:31edges of five tectonic plates and
12:32surrounded by volcanoes .
12:34I am afraid .
12:35This viceroy Armendari , to combat the
12:37pirates coming from Europe , built a
12:39fleet in Veracruz that would later be
12:41known as the Armada de Barlovento .
12:43Spain was involved in too many wars . On
12:46the one hand , there was the Thirty
12:48Years ' War and on the other , in 1635 ,
12:50the Franco-Spanish War broke out . Both
12:54conflicts were embedded in the War in
12:56Flanders and were basically Spain
12:57against France , England and the Dutch .
13:00The situation was complicated both in
13:02Europe and in the Caribbean . The French
13:04had taken control of the island of San
13:06Cristóbal . The Dutch with Curaçao ,
13:08Aruba , Bonaire and Tobago , off the
13:10coast of Venezuela and Martinique and
13:12Barbados , among other islands . Finally ,
13:16the English took Barbados in 1625 and
13:18Antigua and Montserrat in 1635. Not to
13:21mention Tortuga Island , taken by French
13:23pirates around 1640. It was on that
13:26island that the Brotherhood of the
13:28Coast , a type of pirate association ,
13:31was born . Spain was losing ground in
13:33the Antilles , and that began to worry
13:35the king . Groups of English settlers
13:38also settled on the coast of what is
13:40now Velice and on the Mosquitia Coast ,
13:42the Mosquito Coast , belonging to
13:43Honduras and Nicaragua . This area is so
13:46named because the local tribe is called
13:48Misquito , related to the Chipchas . In
13:521633 , these natives founded the
13:53Misquita Nation or Kingdom of Mosquitia
13:55, who made a pact with the British who
13:57settled there in a town called
13:59Bluefields . Black slaves who had been
14:03shipwrecked on the coast also ended up
14:05mixing with the local population ,
14:06giving rise to the Miskito Zambos . This
14:09Misquito Nation lasted until the end of
14:11the 19th century . By the way ,
14:13etymologically it has nothing to do
14:15with insects , it's just that the terms
14:17were similar . And yes , apart from
14:19Miskitos , there were also many
14:21mosquitoes in that area .
14:22Where are the flies ? Here , here . In
14:25Honduras , by the way , Comayagua and
14:27Teguzigalpa had been founded years
14:29before , the latter being a fairly
14:31important mining center and much later
14:33becoming the capital of the country .
14:35Meanwhile , in what is now Costa Rica ,
14:38the conquistador Diego de Sojo founded
14:40Santiago de Talamanca in 1605 , but it
14:43didn't last long . An indigenous
14:45rebellion led by King Cabecar Guaikorá
14:47temporarily expelled the Spanish from
14:49the area . Meanwhile , in Guatemala ,
14:51Pedro de San José Betancur stands out ,
14:53a religious man who lived in the
14:55convent of San Francisco el Grande , in
14:57the city of Antigua Guatemala . This
15:00Pedro founded shelters for the poor ,
15:02indigenous people and vagabonds ,
15:03literacy centers and in 1656 he founded
15:06the order of the Bethlemite brothers or
15:08of Bethlehem , the first order created
15:10in the New World . In 1676 , the crown
15:13approved the founding of the Royal and
15:15Pontifical University of San Carlos
15:17Borromeo in Antigua Guatemala , where
15:19Fray Francisco Jiménez , the discoverer
15:22of the Mayan manuscript of the Popol ,
15:24studied and who partially translated it
15:26into Spanish . Well , well , a bit crazy
15:28with words there .
15:29The new viceroy was Diego López
15:31Pacheco y Portugal , Duke of Escalona .
15:33As a curiosity , this was the father of
15:35Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco , creator
15:38and first director of the RAI , the
15:40Royal Spanish Academy . The very year of
15:43his arrival , 1640 , the Portuguese
15:44Restoration War occurred , in which
15:46Portugal , now ruled by the House of
15:48Braganza , gained independence from the
15:50Hispanic monarchy . The Braganzas were
15:54related to Diego López Pacheco and his
15:56family , so this viceroy was dismissed
15:58and arrested on suspicion of treason ,
16:00although he was later released and made
16:02viceroy of Navarre .
16:03Case closed . He was
16:05replaced by the bishop of Puebla , Juan
16:07de Palafox , in 1642. This figure is
16:09somewhat controversial , because while
16:11on the one hand he was very protective
16:13of the rights of the natives and they
16:15painted portraits of him and lit
16:17candles for him , on the other hand he
16:19was quite uncompromising and ordered
16:20the destruction of many ancient idols
16:22to prevent the resurgence of messianic
16:24cults . Many of these ancient cults
16:26continued to exist because the Spanish
16:28authorities in general did not care
16:30much about what the Indians did in
16:31their free time . Palafox tried to
16:33restore order both as bishop and
16:35viceroy , but it lasted only a short
16:37time . Even so , he is famous for having
16:40been a great patron of education and
16:42culture , creating colleges such as San
16:44Pedro and San Pablo , which he endowed
16:46with an extensive public library today
16:48known as the Palafoxiana library in
16:50Puebla . It was during his bishopric in
16:52Puebla that he promoted musicians such
16:54as Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla , the most
16:56famous composer of New Spain in this
16:58century . Pala Fox also built the
17:01cathedral of Puebla , and for its
17:02construction he had to contribute much
17:04of his inheritance and also raise
17:06tithes to the religious orders . And for
17:09this reason he got on really badly with
17:11the Jesuit order and also because of
17:13the requirement to have licenses to
17:14preach . The reigns of García Sarmiento
17:19de Sotomayor , founder of Salvatierra in
17:21Guanajuato , Marcos de Torres y Rueda
17:23and Luis Enríquez de Guzmán were more
17:25or less peaceful . Of course , there was
17:28a revolt of the Taraumara Indians in
17:30the north of the viceroyalty ,
17:31specifically in Nueva Vizcaya . These
17:34natives attacked several missions and
17:36captured and murdered a few Franciscan
17:38and Jesuit missionaries and sacked some
17:40towns . The viceroy saw that a military
17:43campaign against these natives was too
17:45costly and sought to reach agreements .
17:47At least .
17:49In 1653 , Francisco Fernández de la
17:51Cueva became viceroy , and he ruled for
17:537 years until AD 60. He was an
17:55experienced military man during the
17:57Thirty Years ' War and rose through the
18:00ranks until he became viceroy of New
18:02Spain at just 34 years old . De la Cueva
18:05spent a lot of money improving the
18:07ports and trade with the Philippines ,
18:08on the drainage works for the lagoon ,
18:10and on finishing the work on the
18:12Cathedral of Mexico . He was very
18:14interested in the advancement of
18:16science and the arts and fought
18:17banditry and robberies on the viceregal
18:19roads that were beginning to be quite
18:21problematic . In 1655 , an English
18:25squadron under the command of William
18:27Pen conquered the island of Jamaica ,
18:29which became part of the British Empire
18:31and became the main base for English
18:33filibustering , as well as a focus for
18:35British smuggling . The viceroy sent
18:38Cristóbal de Isasia to recover it , but
18:40he was unable to do so . Oh my God .
18:43During De la Cueva's government , Jesuit
18:45missions were supported in the north of
18:47the viceroyalty and in California , as
18:48well as expeditions to gather pearls on
18:50the beaches . There was no need to dive
18:53or fight with anyone for them , since
18:55the natives of the area would exchange
18:56them for anything more useful and would
18:58also leave them lying around and burnt
19:00on the beach after eating the mollusks
19:01that contained them . Estancias ,
19:03haciendas , or ranches began to be
19:05created throughout the north of the
19:07viceroyalty . They could be plantations
19:09or cattle farms and many indigenous
19:10people usually worked on them .
19:13Meanwhile , in the southern zone , the
19:15encomienda regime was declining and
19:16many natives lived in the Indian
19:18republics , where they had more freedom
19:20than in the encomienda . The farmland
19:23around these republics was communal ,
19:25but it was distributed among families
19:27by an indigenous chieftain or a Spanish
19:29council to whom they had to pay taxes ,
19:31either with money or with part of the
19:33produce such as corn , beans or chickens
19:35, depending on what was available . They
19:38could also go to the markets of the
19:40Spanish cities to trade their products .
19:43Other natives lived in these cities or
19:45in other rural areas , owning land or
19:47businesses of all kinds and generally
19:48living on the outskirts . Many urban
19:51jobs were filled by indigenous people ,
19:53since they made up 60 % of the population
19:55. In Mexico City , for example , there
19:58was a Spanish council and two
19:59indigenous people who governed the five
20:01native neighborhoods on the outskirts .
20:04And as time went on and the cities
20:06expanded , the Indian republics
20:07gradually disappeared and everyone
20:09ended up living in the same towns .
20:12There were wealthier indigenous people
20:14in formerly Spanish areas and poorer
20:15Spaniards living in the old indigenous
20:17neighborhoods . But of course the best
20:20lands went to the encomiendas or
20:21estates of powerful Spaniards or
20:23Creoles . They also took ownership of
20:26the most lucrative activities of the
20:28viceroyalty , such as mining and various
20:30commercial activities . The new viceroy ,
20:34Juan Francisco de Leiva , was the
20:36complete opposite of his predecessor .
20:38You only have to see the villainous
20:40face he has . He and his wife dedicated
20:42themselves to influence peddling ,
20:43selling positions and a thousand other
20:45corrupt practices , to which we must add
20:47general mismanagement and scandalous
20:49parties full of waste . And the straw
20:51that broke the camel's back was when
20:53one of the viceroy's sons killed a
20:54native servant with a sword . It was
20:57quite a scandal and the townspeople
20:58stoned the family as they were leaving
21:00a mass . Then , because of him , the
21:03Tehuantepec Rebellion also occurred in
21:051660. The Zapotec Indians grew tired of
21:08the heavy tax burdens and began to
21:10protest very loudly . The leader of the
21:13protests was arrested , whipped , and
21:15eventually died . And here , the real
21:17uprising began . In the end , the
21:20rebellion was gradually quelled thanks
21:22to the intervention of the Bishop of
21:24Oaxaca , Alonso de Cuevas Dávalos .
21:26Given the disaster of this viceroy's
21:28government , in June 1664 , Leiva was
21:30dismissed and expelled from the
21:32viceroyalty after a trial of residence
21:35in which he faced 178 charges of
21:36mismanagement .
21:38Case closed .
21:39The Bishop of Puebla , Diego Osorio , a
21:41bitter enemy of the previous viceroy ,
21:43was interim viceroy for 4 months while
21:45a replacement was sought . The post went
21:48to Antonio Sebastián de Toledo y
21:50Salazar , who governed between 64 and 73
21:53, for almost a decade . This bireroy put
21:55an end to the corruption of the
21:57administration , or at least a large
21:58part of it . He also did much to end the
22:01slave trade , which was greatly reduced ,
22:03and finally invested a lot of money to
22:05reverse the effects caused by the
22:07eruption of Popocatepetl , which
22:09although it did not kill anyone , did
22:11cause considerable damage . He also
22:13financed the reconstruction of the city
22:16of Santiago in Cuba , since in 1662 it
22:18was razed by an expedition of 900
22:20Englishmen who intended to invade the
22:22island . To prevent further incursions ,
22:24he renovated the Morro Castle or San
22:26Pedro de la Roca Castle , located at the
22:28entrance to the bay . This should not be
22:31confused with the Castle of the Three
22:33Kings of Morro , which is the defensive
22:34bastion of Havana . Also in Cuba . This
22:37fortress was also reinforced . In
22:39addition , lighter and faster ships were
22:42created to patrol and protect the
22:43convoys . In 1667 , the French pirate
22:47known as Olonés , whose base of
22:49operations was on Tortuga Island , began
22:51attacking the Caribbean . It is said
22:54that he came to command a fleet of up
22:56to 50 ships , but during one of his
22:58raids to attack Panama , a storm caused
23:00him to sink and the natives of the area
23:02killed him . Saint Augustine in Florida
23:05was also attacked by pirates ,
23:07specifically by the Englishman Robert
23:09Sherl , also known as John Davis .
23:12Although this pirate's attack failed ,
23:14Elvrey decided to reinforce the
23:16defenses and build the castle of San
23:18Marcos in 1672. By the way , it is
23:20important to know that in 1665 King
23:22Charles II , nicknamed the Bewitched ,
23:24came to the throne of Spain , who would
23:26be the last of the Absburgo kings of
23:28the Hispanic monarchy . In 1673 , Pedro
23:31Núño Colón of Portugal , a
23:33great-great-grandson of Christopher
23:35Columbus , became viceroy of New Spain .
23:37He didn't last a year , because he died
23:39quickly . He was replaced by Payo
23:42Henríquez de Rivera , the archbishop of
23:44Mexico , who governed between 163 and
23:471680. This viceroy promoted new public
23:49works , especially hospitals , roads , and
23:52sanitation . He also built and improved
23:55several fortifications along the coast
23:57to prevent attacks by pirates . He
23:59founded the city of Payo Obispo , today
24:02Chetumal , and also Paso Alto or Paso
24:04del Norte , today Ciudad Juárez , El
24:06Paso , and what began as the Guadalupe
24:09mission . This place became the center
24:11of Spanish colonization of the
24:13territory of New Mexico . The natives of
24:16the area were called Indians Mansos
24:17because they did not object to the
24:19presence of these new people . Friar
24:22Payo was a culture-loving writer who
24:24promoted the literary career of the nun
24:26Juana Inés de la Cruz , a leading
24:28figure in the Spanish Golden Age , who
24:30also wrote poems in Nawatle . He lived
24:33most of his life in the convent of San
24:35Jerónimo in Mexico City , and his most
24:37important works are Amor es más
24:39laberinto , el divino Narciso , and los
24:41empeños de una casa . The convent had
24:45an extensive library and even a
24:46chemistry laboratory . Bernardo de
24:49Valbuena was a writer from Toledo who
24:50settled in New Spain and was famous for
24:53writing the poem A grandeza mexicana .
24:55Another important author is Juan Ruiz
24:56del Arcón , a non-Spanish writer who
24:58promoted different varieties of
25:00dramaturgy and traveled to Spain , where
25:02he was a colleague of Tirso de Molina .
25:04His most famous works are La verdad
25:06sospechosa , Las paredes oyen , and Los
25:09pechos privilegiados . More authors .
25:12Juan de Torquemada wrote Monarquía
25:14indiana , where he compiled much of the
25:16knowledge of the Aztecs and other
25:17pre-Hispanic peoples through their
25:19codices , their paintings , their oral
25:21tradition , and the accounts of other
25:23chroniclers . On the other hand , the
25:25Mexican Creole Baltasar Dorantes de
25:27Carranza wrote a summary account of the
25:29affairs of New Spain , in which he
25:30denounced that the conquerors had
25:32provided the crown with a very rich
25:34kingdom . But now the sons of these
25:37conquerors , the group of which he was a
25:39part , were becoming impoverished and
25:40losing encomiendas and rights in favor
25:42of the new immigrants who arrived from
25:44Spain , who obtained higher positions .
25:48In 1680 , the viceroy Tomás de la Cerda
25:51y Aragón began to govern . These were
25:53complicated times . In the north of the
25:55viceroyalty , the incursions of the
25:57Apache Indians made things difficult
25:59for the Spanish and the native Pueblo
26:01people . Coupled with the continuous
26:02droughts , the people who lived in that
26:04region were dying of hunger .
26:05Furthermore , the governor of New Mexico
26:07, Juan Francisco Treviño , prohibited
26:09many of these tribes from performing
26:11rituals , dances , and other activities ,
26:13and accused them of practicing
26:15witchcraft , and severely repressed them
26:17. All of this led to the great
26:19insurrection of 1680 , or Popé's
26:21Rebellion . It occurred among the native
26:23Pueblo people of New Mexico and was led
26:25by the chieftain Popé , whose base of
26:27operations was in Taos . Here , some
26:2925,000 Indians of different populations
26:32and ethnicities , Zuñis , Moquis , Gémez
26:34, Ques , Pecos , Teguas , Thanos , and
26:36Picuris , decided to unite to attack the
26:39center of Spanish power in the Santa Fe
26:41area , where the palace of the region's
26:44governors was located . There , they
26:46massacred some 400 settlers , 30
26:48missionaries , and a few soldiers . The
26:51Spanish forces entrenched themselves in
26:52the palace and managed to push the
26:54Indians back until they were able to
26:56escape from the city . These Spaniards
26:57had to take refuge in the Paso Norte
26:59fort , a little further south and which
27:01now forms the border between Mexico and
27:03the United States . Popé rose as the
27:05leader of the area , but it didn't last
27:07long . He forced these tribes to return
27:10to how they were before the Spanish ,
27:12which included sacrificing their cattle
27:13and horses and not planting all the
27:15products brought by the Spanish , which
27:17were not few . Popé promised that by
27:20renouncing all these advances , the gods
27:22would end the drought . But it wasn't
27:25like that . In the end , these people
27:26found themselves renouncing many of the
27:28things that had improved their way of
27:30life . And although it is not known
27:32exactly what happened , it is believed
27:34that Popé was killed by his own allies
27:35. A few years later , in 1692 , the
27:38Spanish returned to the area to
27:40reconquer New Mexico under the command
27:42of Diego de Vargas . And they succeeded .
27:45And this guy was named governor and
27:47founded Santa Cruz de la Cañada . This
27:49time , the religious leaders did not
27:51attempt to impose Christianity on the
27:53people , who were able to continue
27:54practicing their traditional religion
27:56for quite some time . A public defender
27:59was also appointed to defend the legal
28:01causes of the Indians in court . Case
28:04closed .
28:05In 1683 , the pirates Nicolas Van Horn ,
28:07Michelle de Gramont , and Laurence de
28:09Graf , nicknamed Lorencillo because of
28:12his short stature , carried out a
28:13violent night attack on Veracruz . The
28:17city's inhabitants took refuge in the
28:19churches while the pirates looted the
28:20city and left them trapped for three
28:22days without food or water , and many
28:24people died of starvation . These
28:27pirates left the city in ruins , with
28:29400 dead and took dozens of coins and
28:31an estimated booty of 7,000,000 pesos .
28:35Two years later , they attacked Campeche
28:37, as well as Jalpa and Kunduacán . Due
28:40to these attacks , construction began on
28:42the bastions of San Francisco de
28:43Campeche , with a wall surrounding the
28:45city . Shortly after , a mysterious
28:48figure who called himself El Tapado
28:50arrived in Veracruz . He claimed to be
28:52the general inspector and governor of
28:53New Spain . The authorities soon
28:56suspected that he was a pirate from
28:58Lorencillo , so he was quickly arrested
28:59and sent to the capital to be hanged .
29:02Shortly before the execution , there was
29:04an eclipse on the scaffold , and many
29:06people thought it was a sign that he
29:08was innocent , but he was hanged anyway .
29:11Around the same time , the missionary
29:13Eusebio Francisco Quino arrived in Baja
29:15California . He won the friendship of
29:18the natives and began to evangelize
29:20them . Thus , the first mission in Baja
29:22California , that of San Bruno , was
29:24created . The problem was that the
29:26drought that occurred during those
29:27years was a major problem , and Admiral
29:29Isidro de Atondo y Atillon , in command
29:31of the expedition , put the decision to
29:33return home to a vote , and this option
29:35was the winner . Years later , another
29:38missionary , Juan María de Salvatierra ,
29:40would continue Father Quino's work in
29:42this region and would found the mission
29:44of Loreto . In 1699 , the Jesuit
29:47Francisco María Piccolo founded the
29:49mission of San Francisco Javier de
29:51Vigué Viaundó . In the meantime ,
29:53Father Quino dedicated himself to
29:55creating missions among the tribes of
29:57the Sonoran Desert and part of Arizona ,
29:59the so-called PERía Alta . Although
30:01evangelizing these tribes was very
30:03complicated , since their nomadism made
30:05them reluctant to live in towns . Even
30:07so , he founded more than 20 missions ,
30:09carried out important cartographic and
30:11anthropological work on the tribes of
30:13the area , and promoted agriculture and
30:15livestock farming in those areas ,
30:17introducing new techniques and new
30:19crops .
30:20How cool !
30:21Melchor Portocarrero was viceroy for 2
30:23years and was later named viceroy of
30:25Peru . As a curiosity , he was Count of
30:28Monclova , the first owner of the land
30:30where the Moncloa Palace , where the
30:32president of Spain resides , is today .
30:35And Monclova was founded in his honor
30:37in Coahuila . During his reign , the
30:39Parián Market was created , located in
30:41what is now the Zócalo of Mexico City .
30:45Here , goods from the Philippines and
30:46Asia in general were mainly traded .
30:51Most Asian products were luxury goods ,
30:53only within the reach of a few ,
30:54although many common people came on
30:56market days to admire the exotic
30:58objects on display . Now let's talk
31:01about the viceroy Gaspar de la Cerda ,
31:04who held power for almost 9 years , from
31:061688 to 1696. He is famous for
31:08resembling Mr. Bean , but with a wig ,
31:10Magic . This viceroy learned that the
31:14French under the command of René
31:16Robert , Cabelier de la Sal , had come
31:18down from Canada , from the Great Lakes ,
31:20and had traveled the entire Mississippi
31:23until reaching the Gulf of Mexico in
31:251682. This entire territory , now in
31:27French possession , was named Louisiana
31:29in honor of the French king Louis XIV .
31:33Furthermore , there was a rumor that
31:34Cabelier had settled somewhere on the
31:36coast of Texas . Because of this , the
31:39viceroy sent an expedition led by
31:41Alonso de León , the young man , to
31:43expel them from there . In 1689 , on the
31:45Texan coast , the Spanish discovered the
31:47ruins of a French fort , Fort San Luis ,
31:50which had been abandoned for quite some
31:52time , destroyed by natives . Alonso de
31:54León was commissioned to build
31:56presidios and towns in Texas , such as
31:58the mission of San Francisco de la
32:00Espada or de los Texas , hence the name
32:02of the future state . It is said that in
32:04the language of the natives of the area
32:06, Texas meant friends . A few years
32:08later , its population would move to
32:10what is now San Antonio and with this
32:12the government of Nueva Extremadura was
32:14created , which occupied what is now
32:16Coahuila and Texas . Later , during the
32:18Bourbon era , the territory would be
32:20divided and Texas would be called
32:22Nuevas Filipinas . In any case , droughts
32:25and constant attacks by the natives of
32:27the area ended up forcing the Spanish
32:29to abandon these towns for quite some
32:30time . On the other hand , as the French
32:34were expanding along the Gulf Coast of
32:36Mexico , in 1698 the governor of Florida
32:38, Andrés de Arriola , founded the fort
32:40of San Carlos de Barrancas , which would
32:42give rise to the town of Pensacola ,
32:44which would later become quite
32:46important . This was due to the fact
32:49that
32:49Viceroy Gaspar de la Cerda greatly
32:51promoted culture and among his
32:53patronages was that of Carlos de
32:55Sigüenza y Góngora , writer of the
32:57misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez from
32:591690 , considered the first Mexican
33:01novel . And if you were wondering , yes ,
33:04he was related to the famous Gongora .
33:06By the way , this Góngora is also
33:08credited with having created the first
33:10newspaper in New Spain , the Mercurio
33:12volante , whose first issue came out in
33:151693. The birey Gaspar is famous for
33:17leading the first archaeological
33:19excavations in Mexico to study the
33:21remains of ancient Teotihuacán ,
33:22abandoned since the year 900. Also
33:24during this guy's government , the
33:26prohibition of the temacayis or steam
33:28baths , thermal baths and saunas , many
33:31of which were owned by wealthy Indians
33:33and mestizos , was proposed . Rumors
33:35began to circulate that a Spaniard and
33:37an Indian had been seen having
33:39homosexual relations , as well as
33:40various adulterous relationships and
33:42things like that . And there was much
33:44debate about whether to close these
33:45establishments . Fortunately , the birey
33:48commissioned a series of reports
33:49favorable to them and the matter not
33:51only came to nothing , but the baths
33:53multiplied .
33:54Very good , man .
33:55A new drought accompanied by a brutal
33:57famine greatly affected the viceroyalty
33:59and this produced the mutiny of 1692 in
34:01which many poor people , both indigenous
34:03and mestizos as well as Spaniards , rose
34:05up in arms due to the lack of food and
34:07attacked the biregal palace and burned
34:09it along with other public buildings .
34:12The biregal took refuge in the convent
34:14of San Francisco until the rebellion
34:15could be quelled and after this he
34:17ordered the execution of the
34:18ringleaders without a prior trial . In
34:20any case , the biregal soon said , " I'm
34:23out of here , man . " Thus , Bishop Juan
34:25Ortega was elected as the new interim
34:27viceroy , but he did not last long ,
34:29although he would later become biregal
34:31again and also archbishop of Mexico .
34:34The guy had to face the first student
34:36protest movement in the new world .
34:39Students at the University of Mexico
34:41wanted to destroy the pillory that was
34:43in the Plaza de Armas , the place where
34:45the severed heads of the executed were
34:47placed , and protested because they
34:49considered it an insulting
34:50manifestation of monarchical power .
34:52This biregal took note , but simply
34:54changed the pillory in the square . He
34:57was succeeded in office by José
35:00Sarmiento Valladares , the last biregal
35:02we will meet in this chapter , who
35:04governed between 1696 and 1702. And yes
35:06, the guy couldn't triumph on the
35:09catwalk . He was in charge of rebuilding
35:11many of the public buildings destroyed
35:13after the mutiny of '92 , such as the
35:15viceregal palace , which had been burned
35:17down and was in very poor condition . It
35:19is also important to know that he
35:21married Jerónima de Moctezuma , a
35:23descendant of the Aztec Tlatuani
35:25Moctezuma II , who was viceroy ? You're
35:27mentioning me . I suppose we should
35:28celebrate it immediately .
35:29Something important happened during
35:31those years . If the English had managed
35:33to take the island of Jamaica and also
35:34the Cayman Islands , the French were not
35:36going to be outdone . In 1697 , after the
35:39Treaty of Risebake , which put an end to
35:41the Nine Years ' War , Spain ceded
35:43control of half of the island of
35:45Hispaniola to France , which was renamed
35:47Saindangue , which would later be known
35:49as Haiti and whose capital would be Cap
35:51Francé until 1770 , when it was changed
35:54to Port-au-Prince . Meanwhile , the other
35:57half of the island , the Spanish half ,
35:59Santo Domingo Oriental , would much
36:01later become the Dominican Republic .
36:04For their part , the Spanish completed
36:06the conquest of Yucatan that same year ,
36:081697 , by taking control of its last
36:10stronghold located in the middle of the
36:13Guatemalan jungle , Tayasal or Nopetén .
36:16This was possible thanks to a combined
36:18attack by Spanish forces led by the
36:20Captain General of Yucatan , Martín de
36:22Urzue and Ariz Mendi , and troops from
36:24Tabasco and Yucatan . Tallasal became
36:27the city of Flores , capital of the
36:29Petén department . Later , between the
36:32gulf and Lake Izabal , the castle of San
36:35Felipe de Lara was built , which
36:36functioned as a military fort , prison
36:38and customs center . To end the video ,
36:41it is important to know that King
36:43Charles II , the bewitched , died in 1700
36:45without descendants . He had named
36:48Philip Danu as his successor , who was a
36:50son of the French king Louis XIV from
36:52the Bourbon family . The problem was
36:55that the Holy Roman Emperor , Leopold I ,
36:57decided not to accept that and claimed
36:59that the Spanish throne was his by
37:01right . So the War of the Spanish
37:04Succession began . Who won ? Well , we
37:07will find out soon . If you want to know
37:09the whole history of the world , don't
37:11forget to subscribe to this channel .
37:13And if you already are , give it a like ,
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37:18position the videos better . See you
37:20very soon with more history .