Full transcript
0:02okay
0:03um so now we're moving on so you guys
0:07should have been done with your first
0:08exam
0:09uh hopefully that went well um so
0:12now let's move on to actually talking
0:14about modes so let me let me give you an
0:16intro to this
0:17module first this module
0:20actually has the most information okay
0:24so you probably need the most time
0:27studying um it's not physically
0:30difficult in terms of the type of
0:34information that i'm giving you but it's
0:36the most amount of information that i'm
0:39giving you
0:40um so be prepared okay
0:43um so you know start making flashcards
0:47um set aside more set aside more time to
0:51study
0:53um study with people okay
0:57watch the videos a couple times okay
1:00um that in particular regarding bones
1:03and muscles always helps
1:05okay and actually um
1:09a lot of things i i like to try and give
1:12you guys the news
1:13exercise when you exercise and um you
1:16actually do these
1:17exercises use these muscles that we're
1:19talking about when we talk about muscles
1:21it actually trains muscle memory okay
1:24you remember
1:24like you connect things you do with
1:28actual information and that actually
1:30helps a lot
1:31okay that being said let's start on
1:34chapter number six
1:39okay
1:43okay so chapter six
1:50okay so cartilage
1:54okay uh the basic structure of cartilage
1:57you already know
1:58right so uh location in basic structure
2:01cartilage
2:02uh cartilage is found throughout the
2:04body there is
2:07and you can see the model here okay
2:10the light blue is highland cartilage the
2:13green is um so the green is
2:17the green is elastic cartilage
2:21and the red is fibrocartilage so
2:24make sure you understand where all these
2:28three different types of cartilage
2:29are located and the differences in and
2:33how they're used
2:34okay so
2:38um all cartilage consists of something
2:43called perichondrium
2:45okay uh so like we talked about earlier
2:49cartilage has no no blood supply
2:53so the blood supply actually has to come
2:56the nutrients has to come from the
2:59perichondrium
3:00in okay uh so it functions in the growth
3:04or
3:05uh repair of cartilage
3:08okay because it's primarily a water
3:12okay cartilage is primarily water it's
3:14about 80 water
3:16and it's resilient so springs back to
3:18original shape
3:19okay after you compress it okay
3:22okay so all cartilages have something
3:25called a chondrocyte
3:27the chondrocyte are located within the
3:29unit and we can see the three different
3:32types of cartilage here
3:35okay okay
3:38so um a positional growth and
3:42interstitial growth
3:43okay a positional growth
3:46is the chondroblasts in the
3:49perichondrium
3:50producing new cartilage so let me show
3:53you how that works
3:55my new video okay
4:01so here's my piece of cartilage
4:08okay here
4:15okay is a perichondrium the
4:17perichondrium
4:20will generate
4:26new pieces of cartilage here
4:32okay so the newest cartilage will always
4:35be
4:37on the outside okay and that is
4:41a position a positional growth
4:44interstitial growth
4:52ammo circle
4:56okay so there's my piece of cartilage
5:04inside of my piece of cartilage is a
5:06chondrocyte
5:07that chondrocyte will divide into
5:14and what will happen is these two will
5:17grow new matrix
5:24okay so this one will grow more matrix
5:27so
5:27it will move
5:32further and that one will push
5:35further apart and because of this
5:41this piece of cartilage will get bigger
5:46okay interstitial growth growth from
5:50inside okay
6:02okay so this chapter is primarily about
6:05bone and how bones are formed
6:07okay uh bones contain several types of
6:10tissue
6:11okay but they're dominated by the the
6:13bone collective tissue that we saw
6:15okay but bone unlike cartilage
6:18has nervous tissue and has blood
6:22okay and has cartilage on the edges
6:32okay
6:34okay the functional bone bone provides
6:38um support okay provides movement
6:43provides protection okay so you know
6:46your skull
6:47right um your chest cavity okay
6:50it provides mineral storage it's a very
6:53important reservoir for important
6:54minerals and
6:56especially calcium and phosphorus
7:01okay um it it's involved with blood cell
7:05formation so
7:06the bone marrow right i'm sure you guys
7:08heard bone marrow before
7:10bone marrow form found within bone and
7:13bone marrow is responsible for
7:15formation of red blood cells and white
7:17blood cells
7:18[Music]
7:25okay
7:29all right bone is made out of two things
7:33okay so bonus is the only kind of tissue
7:36that is made out of a large
7:38percentage of inorganic components
7:41okay so bone has the organic components
7:44the cells the fibers the ground systems
7:46that you're very familiar with from
7:48every other tissue
7:49what makes bone different is that it has
7:52a large amount of
7:53inorganic components salts
7:56okay they invade the bone marrow matrix
8:00and make the bone matrix stiff and
8:03hard okay that's why bone is so hard
8:07okay
8:11okay so bone has exceptional qualities
8:1535
8:16is organic okay organic components
8:19contribute to flexibility
8:22okay it makes bones slightly
8:26bendable so um if you try to look at
8:29bone
8:30get it bowled off like a raw chicken or
8:32like raw
8:34cow um but not like cooked
8:37stuff okay the raw stuff is slightly
8:41bendable
8:41is it like you know put some pressure on
8:43the drumstick don't bend a little bit
8:45before it breaks
8:46that is the organic component of it
8:50okay it contributes to flexibility of
8:52tensile spring
8:56the inorganic components okay
8:59uh provide exceptional hardness and
9:02resist
9:03compression okay so let's
9:06take this apart so what would happen to
9:09bone if you didn't have the inorganic
9:12components
9:13the calcium okay the bone will become
9:16soft and i'll forward to the
9:19end of the chapter and i'll show you the
9:21picture what happens if you don't have
9:23enough
9:23calcium and i'm sure you guys have
9:25probably seen this before
9:27it's rickets
9:33okay the other thing that happens
9:37is the disease where you don't have the
9:40um organic components
9:43okay when you don't have the organic
9:48components
9:50okay when you don't have the organic
9:53component
9:56what happens is the bone becomes too
9:58stiff
9:59it becomes brittle it's like porcelain
10:03right
10:04it's hard but it breaks easily
10:07and that's what happens when you don't
10:10have the inorganic components
10:13okay uh or sorry when you don't have the
10:16organic components
10:17you have the stiffness of the inorganic
10:19components but now it's
10:20brittle and that disease
10:23is called osteogenesis imperfecta
10:27okay and you die of it either
10:30in like late in utero or early
10:34after childbirth okay um
10:37and they'll survive for more than one or
10:38two years
10:40again horrible thing we go through okay
10:46okay um there are three
10:49types of cells that help make
10:53bone okay
10:56they're called osteogenic cells
10:59osteoblasts
11:00and osteocytes osteogenic cells
11:04are stem cells okay that are going to be
11:08osteogenerating okay so
11:11genetic generate so these are both
11:14eventually formed both neither stem
11:16cells
11:16that eventually develop into osteoblasts
11:26okay
11:28okay um osteoblasts
11:34okay are not actively secrete
11:37osteoid osteoid is the
11:40gooey stuff that the osteoblasts secrete
11:44once the osteo oil is secreted it will
11:47harden and when it hardens it turns into
11:49solid foam
11:51okay
11:55cell osteoblast will secrete osteoid
11:58once the osteoid is formed around the
12:02osteoblast
12:03the osteoblast can't do anything anymore
12:06and it turns into a osteocyte okay
12:14the last type of cells that are found in
12:17bone
12:18are called osteoclasts osteoclasts are
12:21found within bone tissue okay they're
12:25usually on the inner edge or in the
12:26outer edge of the bone
12:28and they're responsible for reabsorption
12:30of the bone
12:32okay they absorb bone
12:36so one of the things you realize and
12:38we'll talk through
12:39is if you look like if you don't
12:42exercise
12:43you lose bone very quickly
12:49okay your your you might
12:52think like because a lot of things a lot
12:55of people think
12:56bone is like solid and never changing
12:59and it's dead material etc
13:01because you used to see it like
13:02picturing skeletons
13:05inside the human body your bone changes
13:09all the time okay
13:12if you put on muscle you put on bone
13:15if you lose muscle you lose bone
13:19okay so um
13:22putting on bone is going to be these
13:24three
13:25taking away bone is gonna be osteo class
13:28okay
13:32okay um classification of bones
13:36bones are classified based on their
13:39shape
13:39okay so look like if you picture a
13:42cartoon of a bone
13:44that's a long bone okay long bones
13:48are longer than they are wide and
13:50usually not even close
13:52okay short bones are going to be bones
13:56in the wrists
13:57okay or in the ankles okay
14:00so they're going to be like kind of
14:02squarish they're as long as they are
14:04wide
14:05okay and then flat bones are flat
14:08okay like they're sternum being an
14:10example okay your skull being another
14:12example
14:15okay all the bones in the skull are more
14:18or less flat modes
14:19okay and then you have irregular bones
14:22irregular bones
14:23don't fit any of the other four
14:25categories
14:28okay so your vertebrae um your hips
14:32okay all flat bones or sorry irregular
14:36bones
14:37okay
14:40so bone okay it's used for protection
14:45okay and therefore it has to be hard
14:48but the other people the other problem
14:50that people don't realize is
14:52bone has to be relatively light you
14:55don't want to be walking around 50 extra
14:57pounds of bone that you don't have to
14:59carry around
15:00okay that makes you slow right and that
15:04makes it
15:05harder to run away from lines and
15:07tighteners
15:09okay so what you want is a combination
15:12of
15:13good protection and being right and so
15:16the way they deal with this
15:27oops
15:30about that
15:38okay is to make a hollow circle
15:56okay the thick red line
15:59is going to be compact mode compact mode
16:02is extremely extremely dense
16:08okay spongy and then you're going to
16:11have spongy bone
16:13on the inside spongy bone
16:18is literally
16:22little tiny lines above
16:30and looks like sponge okay um
16:33that makes it hollow but strong
16:39okay let me show you how that looks like
16:48okay so
16:52compact mode spongy mode
16:56okay compact mode spongy mode
17:00okay
17:03okay um we're going to
17:07talk about the structure of a typical
17:09hormone that's one of the things you
17:11have to label
17:12okay so uh the diaphysis
17:16is the shaft of the bone okay the
17:19epiphysis are the ends of the bone
17:22and that bone labeling you guys have
17:24something in the middle called the
17:25metaphysis
17:26don't worry about labeling that okay um
17:30some books divide parts of the bone in
17:33three
17:34or the middle section and some don't
17:36okay
17:37it's just part of the epiphysis okay so
17:40just diaphysis epiphysis okay
17:44the bone is very well vascularized
17:46there's a lot of blood that goes to the
17:48bone
17:49okay and in the middle of the bone there
17:52is a measuring cavity that's filled with
17:55either red marrow or yellow marrow
17:57it adults that merrell is yellow and
17:59basically
18:00fat in children and especially
18:04babies that is red merrell and actively
18:07making red blood cells
18:09okay um
18:15there is a membrane okay there's two
18:18membranes
18:19that surround bone okay
18:23that's not about those two membranes
18:25okay
18:26so there's a membrane on the outside of
18:29the bone
18:30and that membrane on the outside is
18:32called
18:34periosteum peri means around perimeter
18:38right around osteum bone
18:42okay on the inside
18:46you have another membrane okay
18:49and that's called the indostium
18:52endo inside
18:55bone so endo osteo
18:58okay
19:06all right uh back to
19:10that show
19:15okay um
19:22we'll skip the structure of short bones
19:24okay
19:25um so bone desires and stress
19:29the anatomy bone reflects stress okay
19:33uh so here
19:36okay you can see how the stress changes
19:38your load comes down on your
19:40this is your femur this is your thigh
19:43bone the weight of your body
19:44comes down right on the head and femur
19:47and you can see
19:48that if you push down this way this
19:51area will become compressed and that
19:54area will be
19:55kind of bent out okay there'll be
19:58pulling on that side and compression on
20:00this side
20:02right in the middle right in between
20:04that the
20:05forces all cancel out perfectly
20:09and that means you have no force there
20:12that means you have no stress there okay
20:16and if you look there's
20:19no bone there where there is no stress
20:22you don't need bone if there's no stress
20:29okay the bone markings will skip for now
20:33um you can review these by yourselves
20:36okay
20:36um and we'll talk more about these
20:39things
20:40when we talk about these uh on the bones
20:43themselves
20:44like you need to know what a tuberosity
20:47is because
20:48i will ask you what the you know what
20:51the tuberosity
20:53is what the uh humeral tumerosity is
20:56etcetera
20:56etcetera etcetera okay
21:00uh okay
21:05okay so you guys can go through this
21:09by yourselves later okay the next
21:12example go over
21:13is the um
21:17microscopic structure of compact bone
21:20okay that's the other model that you
21:23guys have to really understand
21:25okay so let's talk about combat mode
21:28okay just because the compact bonus
21:30compact doesn't mean
21:32that there's no blood in fact there's
21:34special passageways
21:35for blood vessels nerves lymphatic
21:39vessels etc
21:40okay first of all um
21:44the osteon is the functional unit of
21:47compact mode okay so when we build
21:50compact mode
21:51we are building osteons when we tear
21:54apart compact mode
21:55we're tearing apart osteons
21:59okay okay
22:03um and these are the three ring
22:04structures you you saw
22:06in the uh tissue chapter
22:10okay okay osteon consists of
22:15the melee the central canal the
22:16peripheral canal and clinically okay so
22:19let's talk about the asean okay
22:26so this whole structure
22:29is a osteon okay this whole structure is
22:33the osteon
22:35a osteon is also called a perversion
22:37system
22:38okay in the middle of the ocean
22:42is a hole that hole is
22:45where the blood vessels run
22:51okay that hole
22:54is where the nerves arteries and blood
22:56vessels run and that hole will always be
22:59parallel to the length of the lung bone
23:06okay so that
23:09is the central canal see how it runs
23:12right along the length of the lung bone
23:14but the central canals have to talk to
23:16one another so there has to be channels
23:18that connect central canals and those
23:22are called the perforating canals okay
23:26because they porporate through the asean
23:29okay and so they're called perforated
23:32canals
23:32or the other name that most people use
23:35actually they're called
23:36volkman's canals okay named after vulcan
23:40discover them okay
23:43now let's go back to the osteon
23:47okay the osteon is made
23:50out of these concentric circles
23:54of solid bone the concentric
23:57circles of solvent bone are
24:00called la mele
24:05okay um
24:09so each one of these are called the
24:11ballet
24:12okay uh
24:15they're also called concentric lamellae
24:18because they run in concentric circles
24:21okay you also have
24:24solid bones that run all the way around
24:27the edge of the long bone
24:30okay those lamellae are called
24:35circumferential normally because they
24:37run they run around the circumference
24:41of the bone
24:45okay all right now let's take a closer
24:49look at the lamellae here
24:51the lamellae has little lacuna
24:56okay little lakes inside the little
24:59lakes
25:00there's a osteo site
25:03okay the two that like to the coolest
25:07two little osteo sites have to be able
25:10to communicate with one another
25:11so they're literally digging a channel
25:14through the bone
25:15to the point where they touch and that
25:18no channel through which they touch
25:20is called a candlelit choline
25:29okay those are catalytically
25:32or catalysts okay
25:35catalytically literally means small
25:38little canal
25:41okay all right um you probably want to
25:45replay this part at least once
25:47because you do have to know by all the
25:49parts of osteon so make sure you do that
25:51okay moving on
25:57okay so bone has
26:00collagen fibers embedded in the melee
26:03and the reason why the melee running
26:05concentric circles is
26:06one solid piece is because this way you
26:09have
26:10the collagen fibers running in different
26:12directions
26:13when you have the fibers run in
26:14different directions
26:16it is very hard to
26:19untwist them if they all run the same
26:23question
26:23direction you can just go between it you
26:25can just twist
26:26the same way and you'll untwist them
26:28this way because they run different
26:30directions there's no way to untwist
26:33okay okay
26:36real skip the spongy bone
26:40okay and we will stop right here
26:43and we'll pick up the part two um on
26:46part two of the presentation
26:54you