Full transcript
0:01Next part we going to have your
0:03methodology. So this is the specific
0:06part of your manuscript wherein you will
0:09now going to lay out your overall plant
0:13or the blueprint of your study. So when
0:15we say blueprint
0:17the design that you would like to
0:18follow. So in we have discussed already
0:22type of research type of research
0:25according to approach
0:27um measurement
0:29purpose and even the setting. So you
0:34will now going to state that in this
0:36specific section. So the overview of the
0:39research design um the advantage of that
0:44design and um why that design was the
0:48best fit in your study and you have to
0:51explain its um its relevance and
0:55implication. For example, your your
0:58study will going to utilize descriptive
1:01correlational. So you have to define
1:03what is descriptive and you also have to
1:06define what is correlational. So
1:08descriptive is when you describe a
1:10phenomena correlational when you try to
1:14correlate two things. So we we have two
1:18um purpose of your correlation we could
1:21determine if there is a significant
1:23relationship we could determine if there
1:26is a an actual statistical data that
1:31would going to imply that there is a
1:32relationship or association. At the same
1:34time we could also determine what type
1:36of relationship. So they they could be
1:39positive or negative no or um I mean
1:45aside from that we could also determine
1:47the extent of the relationship. So you
1:48have to discuss that no in this specific
1:51research uh chapter 3 or the research
1:54design. So just a quick review lang no
1:58um a research your research should be
2:01experimental. So meaning there is a
2:04randomization
2:05there or meaning there is a control and
2:08or experimental group or treatment group
2:11there is a manipulation okay so I mean
2:15the manipulation is the process wherein
2:17you have group your groupings into
2:19control and treatment or experimental
2:22group randomization is when you try to
2:25make sure that all of the respondents of
2:26participants
2:28has the equal chance to be chosen and
2:31after that you can claim cause and
2:34effect.
2:36So there are different type of
2:38experimental design
2:40there is what we call post test only you
2:43you did a treatment then you test that
2:46right after we also have pretest and
2:48post test so there is a test treatment
2:51then after that you perform a test one
2:54shot design meaning one treatment in all
2:57then there's no control group clinical
2:59trials mostly done in the laboratory and
3:02most of the time uh experimental
3:05research usually perform randomization
3:08quasai on the other hand there is no
3:12randomization I mean there is no yeah
3:15there is no randomization you have the
3:17control and treatment or experimental
3:19group you will also claim cause and
3:22effect but there's no
3:24there's no such thing as randomization
3:29so it could be nonequivalent control
3:31group meaning your group could be a
3:33different cohort probably your data is
3:37observable time series meaning you
3:39wanted to compare a different um time
3:44frame
3:46nonexperimental on the other hand there
3:48is uh there is no requirement of
3:51randomization but you can still perform
3:53randomization
3:55there is no manipulation
3:57okay there's no control and treatment
4:00group or experimental group and you
4:02cannot claim
4:03cause and effect.
4:06Okay. And I basic research we have
4:09already discussed that one applied if
4:13you wanted to perform specific research
4:17that we going to deal with history or
4:20historical relevance or you wanted just
4:22simply to describe a specific phenomena.
4:24So we going to use descriptive.
4:28So under nonexperimental
4:31we could perform descriptive survey
4:33wherein we going to compare specific uh
4:37variable to a uh particular grouping
4:41correlation. So there is one group here
4:44for example um the whole group for
4:47nursing student. So you wanted to
4:48correlate the independent and dependent
4:51variable. Comparative when there is more
4:53than one group. Say for example you have
4:56a fixed group of uh two or three groups
5:01and you wanted to compare that is
5:02comparative. Evaluative if you wanted to
5:05know or for example there is already a a
5:10um standing uh treatment or intervention
5:14for example there is already a manual
5:17that is uh working in a specific course
5:20or subject. You wanted to evaluate that
5:22and you and you will be just simply
5:25going to describe its specific um ng
5:29implication. So that is descriptive
5:32evaluative case study.
5:35Um you wanted to describe a specific
5:37case of an of a single individual
5:40crosssectional.
5:41Um you wanted to describe two data that
5:45you measured at the same time and
5:47longitudinal naman on the other hand you
5:49wanted to describe phenomena
5:53in the future perspective.
5:56So just a quick comparison
5:59both quality and quantity are systematic
6:01meaning there is a specific step that we
6:03cannot avoid to skip. objective meaning
6:07there is a tangible number here
6:12in subjective there is specific words
6:14here deductive meaning
6:17imagine a imagine an inverted triangle
6:21so there is a general question for
6:23example what is the lead experiences
6:27ah sorry we're talking here about
6:28quantity I mean so there is a general
6:30question
6:32okay so you wanted to know um a specific
6:37question thereafter. There is one
6:39specific question that can be answered
6:41right after. Okay? Inuctive naman, there
6:45is a specific question.
6:47for example um lead experiences
6:51and you can get a general or a lot of
6:55unlimited themes right after because the
6:59data in your quali mostly uh is
7:02limitless because you don't have
7:05actually the instrument that that can
7:07that have the specific limitation and
7:09the instrument actually here is the
7:11researcher the quantitative could
7:14generalize the
7:16inclusion criteria of their respondent
7:21and that is not applicable in
7:23qualitative.
7:25So these are the examples of your
7:27qualitative design. So phenomenological
7:30this is a very intensive and extensive
7:33at the same time type of study. So we
7:37still we really have to number one
7:39measure their criteria and it should be
7:42fair and square. So every participant
7:45here should be the same to perform this
7:47type of qualitative design that is uh
7:51intended to explore most of the time
7:53lived experiences of a certain
7:55phenomena.
7:57ethnographic when we uh wanted to embark
8:00on ethnicity of a certain group or a
8:04community
8:06um surrounding cultures and belief
8:09things like that. The grounded theory is
8:13also a qualitative um approach wherein
8:17in here using the collected data we will
8:21going to um test if we can make a theory
8:24out of that because mostly in common
8:26practice we will be using hypothesis
8:29first before we approve or disapprove
8:32that hypothesis and uh in this specific
8:35qualitative approach we are using the
8:37actual collected data qualitative
8:40design could also be historical approach
8:43wherein you are trying to embark on past
8:46data or past phenomena case study for
8:50one person only field study in a
8:53specific field or community biography no
8:57um pertaining to specific individual
9:00about their personal and biographical
9:02aspect the critical theory is more on um
9:07evaluating or criting
9:10specific social assumption
9:13okay feminist is actually under critical
9:17theory where specifically they um
9:19analyze the dynamic the social structure
9:24the concept of gender uh sexuality uh
9:28formulating against um men or should I
9:32say patriarchal ano patriarchal
9:36dominance
9:38also We have the par or participatory
9:41action research. This type of research
9:44wanted to formulate a specific action
9:47plan right after study mostly um
9:51addresses uh real word issues or
9:54concern. Lastly the uh focus group or
9:59the FGD or focus group discussion. It
10:01deals with a qualitative data mostly um
10:06involving group of participants
10:09that discusses specific topic you know
10:12guided by um specific man nga uh or a
10:16particular researcher or a skilled um
10:19mediator or skilled moderator. I mean
10:22you could further read that on page 285.
10:26Now the steps in doing phenomenology
10:30that is stated also in 290. So that is
10:33very interesting part. So try to read on
10:36those. Next under qualitative research
10:39design this was taken from Tan and then
10:41kunin
10:43try to take note this author. So this is
10:47my main basis and reference on how to
10:50make sure that the data that you will
10:52going to yield in qualitative research
10:56will going to be the exact data that
10:59will going to be presented. meaning uh
11:02the data here should be believable and
11:04that is really the actual
11:07sentiment and the result from your
11:10participants. Remember that in
11:12quantitative we are using the term
11:14respondent while in qualitative you are
11:16using the term participants. So to make
11:19sure that your data is um a is a valid
11:24data the first thing that you need to
11:28follow is the idea of credibility.
11:31credibility you could describe this into
11:33the term truthfulness [sumisingasing] so
11:36the the question here is is the result
11:39of your qualitative research or finding
11:41accurately represents the participant's
11:45actual views no so this is the test of
11:49how to make sure that it is accurate.
11:52How will you be able to make sure that
11:55credibility will follow? So there are a
11:57lot of things that you could perform.
11:58Number one is um prolong engagement.
12:03So you will going to meet or you will
12:05going to perform interview let's say for
12:07example on the third meeting or at least
12:10yeah at least second or third meeting.
12:14Um for example uh you have already
12:16identified your first um participants.
12:20The first time that you meet your
12:21participant, do not interview first
12:24because you still need to establish
12:27rapor in your participants and you could
12:29just simply ask for his or her um
12:33available time and you are going to
12:36explain who are you, what is the purpose
12:38why you are uh trying to uh collect data
12:42from your participants then on in the
12:45second or third meeting that's the time
12:48that you can perform your interview
12:51because uh it's really hard for an
12:53individual to open up a specific part of
12:57their which is giving information to a
13:01kind of person whom they just met.
13:04Right? So that is one way of um uh of
13:07ensuring credibility. Another one is you
13:09could also perform member checking
13:12wherein
13:14um the result could be returned to the
13:16participants so that they could probably
13:19agree no to the general result of your
13:23of your study. Okay. And there or
13:27another one is confirmability wherein um
13:31in this um rigor or or
13:37test of validity of your of your study
13:40of your qualitative study it deals
13:42[nililinis ang lalamunan] with
13:42neutrality
13:44or you should be someone that is not
13:48biased.
13:50So how do we avoid being biased? One way
13:53is that as a researcher you should be
13:56able to um ask open-ended question and
14:02uh make sure that you only would you
14:05will simply going to answer question
14:07based on the responses.
14:09Another way of avoiding bias or being
14:12neutral is you need to perform um
14:15reflexivity wherein through the entire
14:19data gathering you are trying to make
14:22sure that all the participants responses
14:26should be solely on their answer. Okay.
14:30And another one, you could also prior to
14:33your study, prior to your interview, you
14:35could perform also bracketing. Where
14:37let's say for example, you have read a
14:38specific literature about your topic
14:41should never use that result as your uh
14:44let's say bases for your Q&A. So
14:46remember bracketing and reflexivity
14:50under confirmability. Dependability is
14:53when uh if you're going to repeat your
14:55study, your your theme should be yield
14:59the same or the result of your theme
15:01will going to yield the same. Um and
15:04that will going to depix that your
15:07result in qualitative design is indeed a
15:11dependable result. How do we and how do
15:13we do this? Most of the time in um
15:16dependability we are conducting a
15:20external or unexternal audit wherein
15:23they will going to review how you do the
15:26process how you do the coding all the
15:29logs and verbaes that you have uh put
15:32into specific theme. So you're going to
15:34look for an expert here in qualitative
15:37research. So that's one way of ensuring
15:39that you perform a dependable
15:44qualitative research. Next is
15:46transferability.
15:48So this is more of I mean this talks
15:51about applicability
15:55wherein if I am the reader and if I'm
15:58going to read your study does it does it
16:02provide sufficient details so that I can
16:06judge if um the findings can be applied
16:09to my own context or setting so this is
16:12more of context uh generalization but
16:16take note the context
16:18is the only main thing that we could
16:20generalize here. And to ensure
16:23transferability, we need to have thick
16:25description. meaning you should be able
16:29to record and you should have all those
16:32verbines all the statement of your
16:35participants from start to finish so
16:39that you could have a thick description
16:41and that depicts a complete statement
16:44and there's no specific statement there
16:46that will going to be omitted or will
16:49not going to include so in that way your
16:52result could be transferable
16:55authenticity is about fair
16:57Okay. And this talks about
17:02the actual or the real um emotional
17:07experience of the participants. So you
17:09can do this or you can make sure to
17:11follow this one by using direct code or
17:15in the actual verbs or using the actual
17:18verbs of your participants. So this five
17:26components here is the rigor and
17:29trustworthiness
17:32section of your qualitative design
17:34wherein their main function is to make
17:37sure that uh whatever the themes that
17:40you that you will going to yield after
17:42your qualitative
17:43uh research it is really the clear and
17:47actual reflection of your participants.
17:52experience