Full transcript
Introduction
0:02Part 2 : Staps , a plural concept . This
Entre diversité et complémentarité
0:05second major part of the course
0:07consists of 5 points . Let's start with
0:10the first , 2.1 : between diversity and
0:13complementarity . Generally speaking ,
0:17the plural is guaranteed and allows for
0:19complementarity . This diversity and
0:23complementarity provided by the plural
0:26allows for a transversality that we
0:28find in the STAPS curriculum . This
0:32brings homogeneity but also
0:34heterogeneity to your training . The
0:38diversity present in the Curse of STAPS
0:40provides a very specific history of
0:43STAPS with regard to four concepts that
0:45we will now define . 2.2 Definition of
0:50culture . The definition of culture
0:54given in 1871 by Taylor is considered
0:56today to be fundamental . Taylor defined
1:00the content of any culture or
1:03civilization as the set of knowledge ,
1:06beliefs , art , and customs acquired by
1:10man as a member of a society . However ,
1:15the initiative was loaded with meaning .
1:18It assumed that every man capable of
1:20living in a community , even the most
1:22primitive , had a culture . She then
1:26emphasized the acquired nature of
1:28culture , thus explicitly rejecting the
1:31attribution of morals to the physical
1:34nature of peoples . This idea was still
1:38widely held among anthropologists of
1:40the time . Today , anthropologists define
1:44culture as a symbolic system organizing
1:46social life . For them , culture consists
1:51of knowledge , beliefs , art , morality ,
1:54laws , customs , and habits present in
1:58all societies . Primitive societies have
2:02a culture . For many anthropologists ,
2:06culture is imposed on individuals by
2:09their society and plays a role in
2:11social relations . The notion of culture
2:15is an anthropological creation of the
2:1720th century . If it occupies a
2:19prominent place in the human sciences
2:22today , it is because it is the subject
2:24of an interminable debate on the place
2:26of the universal and the particular in
2:29the action of human thought . B. Culture
2:32for sociologists . Sociologists have
2:35adapted this definition to modern
2:37societies in which tradition has lost
2:39its importance . They define culture as
2:44the set of values and ideal goals
2:46pursued by a community , but also as
2:49norms , that is , the rules of conduct
2:52that derive from values . These norms
Définition de "Culture(s)"
2:58and values are characteristic of a
3:00society . Unlike relatively homogeneous
3:04primitive societies , modern societies
3:07are characterized by a large division
3:10of labor and therefore by the existence
3:12of social classes with completely
3:15different social practices . Culture is
3:19something complex . The definition of
3:23the word culture that we are going to
3:25read , written by Carrier , clearly
3:27reflects the extent of the complexity
3:29and dynamics of the process that this
3:31term refers to . Here is the definition .
3:36Culture is the entire environment
3:38humanized by a group . It is its way of
3:40understanding the world , of perceiving
3:43man and his destiny , of working , of
3:45entertaining itself , of expressing
3:46itself through the arts , of
3:48transforming nature through techniques
3:50and inventions . Culture is the product
3:53of man's genius understood in the
3:56broadest sense . It is the psychosocial
3:59matrix that a community creates ,
4:01consciously or unconsciously . It is its
4:05framework for interpreting life and the
4:07universe . It is its own representation
4:10of the past and its future . Its
4:13institutions and typical creations , its
4:16habits and beliefs , its characteristic
4:18attitudes and behaviors . Its original
4:23way of communicating , producing and
4:25exchanging goods , celebrating , and
4:27creating works that reveal its soul and
4:30its ultimate values . Culture is the
4:34typical mentality that every individual
4:37who identifies with a community
4:39acquires . It is the human heritage
4:42transmitted from generation to
4:44generation . Let us now turn to sports
4:49cultures . D Sports culture . Defining
4:55sports culture could add even more
4:57confusion to an already cluttered
5:00definition of culture . But if there is
5:05a youth culture or a pop culture , why
5:07couldn't there be a sports culture ? For
5:11Christian Pociello , the expression
5:13sports culture combines theoretical
5:16effects from social sciences and
5:18cultural sciences in the field of
5:21sports practices , representations and
5:23myths that differ according to
5:26countries and groups . In defining
5:29sports culture , we seek to describe and
5:32interpret a universe of practices ,
5:35techniques and symbols that play an
5:38important role in the social life of
5:41individuals . In his book Culture
5:45sportive , Posiello distinguishes three
5:48levels of culture . At the first level ,
5:51Christian Posiello speaks of a
5:53restrictive culture , that is to say a
5:55classifying , distinctive or even
5:57discriminatory culture established
5:59according to the social class to which
6:01individuals belong . In this sense ,
6:05culture defines material and / or
6:07symbolic goods , but also the practices
6:09accessible according to one's social
6:12class . These material and symbolic
6:15goods , as well as practices , allow the
6:17dominant social classes to distinguish
6:19themselves from other classes . For
6:22example , the acquisition of rare works
6:24allows the aristocracy and the
6:26bourgeoisie to ensure symbolic
6:29domination over other social classes .
6:32This implies a hierarchy of value for
6:34cultural objects . This increasingly
6:38common practice of hierarchy gives rise
6:40to a depreciation of the practices of
6:42other classes . Distinctions are made
6:45between material and / or symbolic goods ,
6:47but also within the framework of
6:49practices . Something will be refined or
6:53coarse , something will be noble or
6:55vulgar , a practice will be civilized or
6:58brutal . With the hierarchy of products ,
7:01we strive to produce rarity by making
7:04access to its practices and works
7:06difficult . This meaning leads to a
7:10distinction being made between a
7:12so-called sports culture and
7:13traditional aristocratic culture , for
7:16example with hunting , horse riding , and
7:18aeronautics . But we will also
7:20distinguish this so-called sports
7:22culture from traditional bourgeois
7:24culture with the practice of tennis ,
7:26golf , and skiing . This meaning , which
7:30therefore leads to distinguishing a
7:33so-called sports culture from
7:35aristocratic and bourgeois culture ,
7:37clearly shows that at each period in
7:40history , their distancing and
7:42opposition to popular sports culture —
7:45characterized by other types of
7:47investments that will be physical , more
7:50direct and more vigorous , and sometimes
7:53even professionalized , like wrestling ,
7:55boxing , weightlifting , football or
7:58cycling . This relationship of
8:03opposition produces a system of taste
8:05and disgust , of appreciation and
8:08depreciation focused on sports and / or
8:11leisure activities . Sports leisure
8:14activities have served as a means of
8:17distinction through the economic
8:19difficulties of accessing these
8:20activities due to the possession of
8:23expensive objects necessary for their
8:25practice . Like cycling , initially only
8:29accessible to the wealthiest people ,
8:31but with industrial development and the
8:34economies of scale that this has
8:36generated , the lower social classes
8:38have been able to access this activity .
8:42Since the bourgeoisie wanted to
8:44maintain their social distinction ,
8:47cycling could gradually be abandoned in
8:50favor of motor sports . At the second
8:53level , Christian Posiello shows that
8:55culture can be defined in a less
8:57restrictive and selective sense . A
9:00culture can be specific to any social
9:03group , that is , it does not prejudge
9:05the nature of their relationships or
9:08their subordination to social class .
9:12This system of practices and values
9:15specific to these groups gives them a
9:17sense of belonging and serves to
9:19differentiate them from other groups .
9:23This culture serves to support the
9:26group's self-image and contributes to
9:29its community integration . For example ,
9:34in a group of supporters , the culture
9:37will be the same for all members of the
9:40group : club jersey , club values ,
9:42despite the different social origins of
9:46the individuals . The sports spectacle
9:51attended by groups of supporters plays
9:53a role in producing community identity .
9:58In particular , it ensures this function
10:00of social integration at the local and
10:02regional level , based on identification
10:05with the most representative sports
10:07team . Each sport has its own social and
10:12cultural characteristics . If we try to
10:16understand the internal logic of rugby
10:18culture , we often associate it with a
10:21violent sport , bistro fare , parties
10:24among men , copious meals or even the
10:26ritual consumption of rare steak . This
10:30culture , which from the outside may be
10:33judged as demeaning , is not perceived
10:35as such by what it incorporates . With
10:40the diversification of sports practices
10:43, regional sports cultures have been
10:45built around the geographical
10:47concentration of certain sports due to
10:50territorial anchoring , for example . We
10:53find a maritime culture for regions
10:57with coasts or an alpine culture in
11:00mountainous regions . At the third level
11:04, Christian Posiello shows that culture
11:06can be even broader . At this level ,
11:10culture is a structured set of
11:12practices , tools and techniques , modes
11:15of industry , cultivation and habitat ,
11:17types of customs , beliefs and myths , as
11:20well as the laborious and playful uses
11:22of the body , which are characteristic
11:25of a society and give it a unified and
11:27coherent vision of the world . These
11:32cultural behaviors maintain a close and
11:34profound relationship with each other .
11:39Culture is based on the observation of
11:41the diversity of peoples , the
11:43divergence of their histories and their
11:46irreducible cultural differences . If in
11:49the context of sports practices , we can
11:52note a tendency towards
11:53universalization through the global
11:55diffusion of these competitive
11:57encounters , we must at the same time
11:59emphasize the particularity of the
12:01processes of appropriation of these
12:03same objects by national cultural
12:05differences . This universalization must
12:09be put into perspective because there
12:11are many variations that should not be
12:14overlooked . In a sports culture , these
12:17variations can be technical gestures ,
12:20learning rites , instruments specific to
12:23the practice , clothing ornaments ,
12:26eating habits , rituals before starting
12:30a match , like the HK for New
12:32Zealand
12:33and in rugby , or even celebratory
12:35speeches during victories or , why not ,
12:38during the opening of major events .
Définition de "science(s)"
12:40Having defined culture , let's now
12:43define science . Definition of science .
12:48The word science is a polyseme , that is
12:50to say a word that has several meanings
12:52. The word science mainly covers three
12:55meanings . The first is that science is
13:00knowledge of certain things that are
13:03useful for conducting life or business .
13:08The second meaning of the word science
13:10is the set of knowledge acquired
13:12through study or practice . And finally ,
13:17the third meaning that can be given to
13:20the word science is the hierarchy ,
13:22organization and synthesis of knowledge
13:25through general principles , that is to
13:27say theories and laws . For example ,
13:31science is perceived by most people as
13:34an accumulation of knowledge , expertise
13:37and certainty . Modern times hold
13:40science in high esteem . A product or
13:44service that has a scientific label has
13:46a much stronger commercial resonance
13:49and appeal than a product that does not
13:51. For Jacar , science is first and
13:54foremost a practice , that is to say an
13:56activity carried out in compliance with
13:58certain rules . According to Michel
14:02Blayé , science is the clear and
14:04certain knowledge of something based
14:06either on obvious principles and
14:08demonstrations , or on experimental
14:11reasoning or on the analysis of
14:13societies and human facts . This
14:16definition makes it possible to
14:19distinguish three types of sciences :
14:21the exact sciences , including
14:23mathematics and mathematical sciences
14:26such as physics , for example ; the
14:29physicochemical and experimental
14:31sciences , which are the sciences of
14:34nature and matter , such as biology and
14:37medicine , for example ; and finally the
14:39human sciences , which concern human
14:42beings , their history , their behavior ,
14:45language , social , psychological and
14:48political aspects . However , the
14:50boundaries between the different
14:51sciences are very blurred . In other
14:53words , there is no systematic
14:55categorization of the types of sciences
14:57, which is also one of the questions
14:59raised by epistemology . Dominique
15:03Pestre explains that what we call
15:05science is in no way a circumscribed
15:07and stable object over time that can
15:10simply be described . Let us now
Définition de "technique(s)"
15:13introduce the concept of technique .
15:15Definition of technique . A technique is
15:18often associated with professional
15:20knowledge . A technique is a method or
15:24set of methods , particularly in manual
15:26trades such as carpentry or painting ,
15:29for example , but it can also be found
15:31in the sports sector . Technique covers
15:36all manufacturing , maintenance , and
15:39management processes that use methods
15:41derived from scientific knowledge or
15:43simply methods derived from artisanal
15:46and industrial know-how . Technique is
15:51the product of the entire history of
15:53humanity . For example , we can talk
15:56about art in the sense of a profession ,
15:59in the sense of skill , but also in the
16:02sense of art as an applied science . We
16:04can do the same thing for sports .
16:07George Vigarello also talks to us about
16:09sports technique in his book . For
16:13George Vigarello , the notion of
16:15technique is an effective know-how with
16:18the aim of achieving a given goal that
16:20can be transmitted and reproduced .
16:24Technique is therefore a coordination
16:26of action finalized in a defined
16:29sociocultural field . We can be in the
16:32sociocultural field of sport , for
16:33example . Technique is a dynamic
16:37structure subject to influence and
16:39evolution . That is to say , the
16:42technique will be influenced by
16:44external elements and will be able to
16:47evolve . We will see this in the next
16:49part of the course with the evolution
16:51of sports techniques and we will give
16:52some examples . There is a diversity and
16:56a multitude of techniques , particularly
16:59physical techniques but also sports
17:01techniques . We will come back to this .
17:06Having presented the first three
17:07concepts , let's now look at the last
17:09concept that we will present in this
Définition de "Activité(s) physique(s) et sportive(s)"
17:11video : physical and sports activities .
17:14Definition of physical and sports
17:16activities . To begin , let's define
17:19physical activity . Physical activity
17:23includes everyday physical exercise ,
17:26leisure-time physical activity , and
17:28sports . Physical activity is defined as
17:32any bodily movement produced by the
17:35muscles that results in energy
17:37expenditure . Physical activity can be
17:40carried out as part of work ,
17:42transportation , domestic activities ,
17:44and leisure activities . Leisure-time
17:48physical activities can include sports
17:50but also activities carried out without
17:52supervision . For example , walking ,
17:56cycling , or scootering in parks and
17:58green spaces in the countryside , but
18:01also using specialized equipment that
18:03is freely accessible and that can allow
18:06us to do physical activity . Fitness
18:10trails , multi-sports grounds , fitness
18:12areas in the great outdoors , bike paths
18:14, and hiking trails . There are also
18:19domestic physical activities . This
18:22concerns activities carried out at home
18:25, whether indoors or outdoors . Going up
18:29and down stairs , housework , vacuuming ,
18:32carrying groceries , or doing DIY or
18:35gardening are all considered physical
18:38activities . According to the WHO , sport
18:42is a subset of specialized and
18:44organized physical activity . The
18:47leisure-time physical activity that we
18:50have just defined can be either
18:53supervised or spontaneous . When it is
18:56supervised , we refer to it as practice
18:58in sports associations . That is to say ,
19:01the practice is organized within a very
19:03specific framework . It can also be
19:05supervised as part of physical
19:07education classes or in group homes for
19:09minors . For example , when physical
19:13activity is spontaneous , people will go
19:15on designated walking trails or use
19:18equipment that will be freely
19:20accessible in parks or green spaces .
19:25Exercise is a subset of physical
19:28activity . This is a planned , structured
19:32, repetitive physical activity whose
19:34objective is to improve or maintain one
19:37or more components of physical
19:40condition . Sport is also a subset of
19:45physical activity during which
19:47participants adhere to a common set of
19:50rules but also have defined objectives .
19:55Of course , we have talked about sports
19:58and physical activity , but there are
20:01also people who are physically inactive
20:04. The term inactive characterizes an
20:08insufficient level of moderate to high
20:10intensity physical activity . The level
20:13of physical activity is below the WHO
20:15recommendations . There is also
20:18sedentary behavior . Sedentary behavior
20:22or sedentary behavior is defined as a
20:24waking situation characterized by an
20:27energy expenditure of less than or
20:29equal to 2 m in a sitting or lying
20:31position . Currently , sedentary behavior
20:35is measured by the time spent in front
20:37of a screen . Since this time is
20:40considered to be spent in a sitting or
20:42lying position , body movements are
20:44reduced to a minimum . Watching
20:47television , working at a desk on a
20:49computer , playing video games , reading ,
20:52making phone calls , and being a
20:54passenger in a vehicle are all
20:56considered sedentary . However , be
20:59careful , if you also practice a sport
21:02once or twice a week , you will not be
21:05considered sedentary . People with a
21:09sedentary lifestyle are only those who
21:12expend an energy value of less than 2 m
21:15during the day .