The Entire History of Artificial Intelligence (Last 100 Years)

0:00the year is 1939 and the world Teeters

0:02on the brink of technological Warfare as

0:05the Nazis deploy the Enigma an

0:07unbreakable encryption machine that

0:09coordinates their attacks with deadly

0:10precision and now the Allied Forces face

0:13A new challenge and so in the Race

0:15Against Time they turned to Alan Turing

0:17a Visionary mathematician but

0:19traditional cold breaking methods are

0:21obsolete against the Enigma prompting

0:23Turing to Envision a new machine his

0:25creation the first computer not just a

0:29cold breaker but the bear Rock for the

0:31modern Digital World thus beginning the

0:33era of computing and redefining not only

0:36Warfare but the future of all human

0:38civilization computers are supposed to

0:40make life easier about one in three

0:43American households has bought that

0:44theory and purchased at PC what really

0:47worries me today is what's going to

0:48happen to us if machines can think and

0:50what interests me specifically is can

0:53they I'm convinced that machines can and

0:55will think I don't mean that machines

0:57will behave like men I don't think for a

0:59very long time we going to have a

1:00difficult problem distinguishing a man

1:02from a robot and I don't think my

1:03daughter will ever marry a computer but

1:05I think the computers will be doing the

1:06things that men do when we say that

1:08thinking I'm convinced that machines can

1:10will think In Our

1:11[Music]

1:17Lifetime the year is

1:191946 and now every military in the world

1:21knows the power of computers and wants

1:23one of their own but the current

1:25technology used to power computers is

1:27inefficient they're used in vacuum tubes

1:29which works kind of like giant light

1:31bulbs because they require a lot of

1:32manual labor to maintain leaving some

1:35military computers to be the size of a

1:37warehouse and so this gets all of the

1:39top scientists in the world to thinking

1:41there has to be a better more efficient

1:43way to power the computers and so 1947 a

1:46brilliant physicist enters the picture

1:48his name is Bill shock and he imagined a

1:50new way to power computers using the

1:52element geranium to create something

1:54called a semiconductor and it turns out

1:56that the semiconductor is the perfect

1:58solution because in between materials

2:00like metals that conduct electricity and

2:02insulators like rubber and glass that

2:04block electricity a semiconductor can do

2:07both enabling it to act almost like an

2:09electrical switch this eventually

2:11becomes known as the transistor which

2:13will completely change technology

2:15forever but even though the applications

2:17for the transistor are still just

2:19theoretical it doesn't stop the smartest

2:21people in the world from seeing the

2:22future of computers because now the

2:24future of computing power has been

2:26shrunk down to the size of a fingertip

2:28it's a transistor no bigger than a

2:30kernel of corn which causes some of the

2:32most Brilliant Minds to start imagining

2:34a future with super powerful computers

2:37exhibiting artificial intelligence can

2:39machines really think even the

2:40scientists argue that one until I see a

2:43machine producing genuinely new things I

2:46will not agree that machines think I

2:49confidently expect that within a matter

2:50of 10 or 15 years something will emerge

2:52from the Laboratories which is not too

2:54far from the robot of science fiction

2:56fans so in 1950 Alan tur introduced us

2:59to the imitation game also known as the

3:02Turing test which is a test to determine

3:04if a machine can exhibit intelligent

3:06Behavior indistinguishable from that of

3:08a human fundamentally questioning the

3:10limits of artificial and human

3:12intelligence and now the power of AI is

3:15forever etched in the human psyche a

3:17world in which a new machine may be of

3:19even greater importance than the atomic

3:21bomb this new Fascination into computers

3:23forces top universities like Harvard MIT

3:26and Princeton to begin offering degrees

3:29in computer science and when you combine

3:30that with the fact that computer

3:32Engineers were becoming one of the

3:33highest paid forms of skilled labor all

3:35the world's smartest people began to

3:37flock to these programs one of these

3:39people is Marvin Minsky a 23-year-old

3:41PhD candidate at pron University

3:44inspired by Alan turing's paper on

3:45artificial intelligence Minsky would

3:47build the world's first working neuronet

3:49using wires and six vacuum tubes as the

3:52synapsis but even though the vacuum

3:54tubes would fail regularly the machine

3:55still worked and ultimately laid the

3:57foundation for the field of artificial

3:59intell

4:00and the bay Rock that's the neural

4:01network when I'm going to school in the

4:031950s there had been some theories of

4:06what neural networks could do fast

4:09forward a few years and now Bill

4:10shockley's invention of the transistor

4:12has led to the transistor radio and it

4:14quickly becomes the highest selling

4:16consumer electronic device of all time

4:18and now the world gets its first taste

4:20of the power of compact electronics and

4:23so everyone begins to imagine the

4:25possibilities of what the transistor can

4:26do one will be able to make a flat

4:28television tube for sample this leads

4:30Bill shley the transistor's inventor to

4:33leave his job at bail labs and start

4:35Shockley semiconductor a company geared

4:37tours manufacturing the transist but

4:39shakle can't do it alone so he began to

4:41rate PHD programs and electronic

4:43companies for Bright Young Minds people

4:45like Gordon Moore a chemist at John

4:47Hopkins and Robert no a PhD from MIT and

4:50an upand cominging rock star in the

4:52world of transist all in all shley

4:54enlist 12 other Geniuses to join shley

4:57semiconductor with them and so after

4:58being founded in 1954 shakley

5:01semiconductor becomes the Talk of the

5:02Town because shley is determined to

5:04place the company in his hometown of

5:06paloalto officially making it just the

5:08third Tech startup ever to be

5:10headquartered in Silicon Valley but it

5:12wouldn't last long cuz in 1956 just a

5:15few months after shakley will be given

5:17the Nobel Prize for the transistor eight

5:19of the 12 Men He personally recruited

5:21would defect from shakley semiconductor

5:23and create their own company Fairchild

5:26semiconductor a startup dedicated to

5:28manufacturing transition through Z scale

5:30and shock being the big mad hater that

5:32he is gives the man the notorious name

5:35the Traer is

5:37eight

5:39on and it was perfect timing because

5:41within months Fairchild semiconductor

5:43had already become profitable selling

5:45100 silicon based transistors to IBM to

5:48power the navigation system for the

5:49military's B70 bomber and this sale was

5:52a landmark moment in the world of

5:54computing because it proved that the

5:55Silicon based semiconductors were

5:57superior to the original geranium based

5:59one was created by Shak and the profit

6:01margin per transistor was 30 times

6:04larger than that of the geranium based

6:06ones and now the US military needed

6:08hundreds no thousands of transistors to

6:10power everything from computers to

6:12ballistic

6:15missiles but the transist current

6:17manufacturing process was inefficient

6:20half of the ones provided ballot

6:21military had to be recalled because all

6:23it would take as a simple knockup

6:24against the wall for the entire

6:25transistor to stop working and even

6:27though Fairchild was known for making

6:29the best transistors in the world this

6:31inefficient manufacturing process would

6:33pose a huge problem for the entire

6:35industry and so insert random genius

6:37number four John Erie a physicist at

6:40Fairchild that invented a new more

6:42efficient way to manufacture transistors

6:44called the planar process the process

6:46was about adding a layer of coating to

6:48the top of the transistor to increase

6:49the stability and durability of the

6:51semiconductor it was a brilliant and

6:53much needed improvement over the

6:54semiconductor manufacturing process that

6:56would change the world of computing

6:58forever

6:59Mone this all while making Fairchild

7:03semiconductor richer than ever due to

7:05the patent it held over the process

7:07because now if anybody wanted to make a

7:09transistor they had to use the planar

7:12process which means they had to pay

7:13Fairchild and so this patent alone leads

7:16Wall Street to become freakishly bullish

7:18on Fairchild leading to quarter after

7:20quarter of groundbreaking profits and

7:22all-time highs on stock price but with

7:24profit soaring fast Fairchild

7:26semiconductor and the entire industry

7:28was still facing a huge problem you see

7:30the current transistor was limited to

7:32scale because it could only do one thing

7:34at a time so if you wanted to do a

7:35million things you need a million

7:38transistors putting the entire industry

7:40at a stalemate because most computers

7:43were beginning to reach a plateau due to

7:44the diminishing limitations of the

7:46transistor this prompted Bob noise the

7:48brilliant leader of Fairchild to create

7:50the integrated circuit a way for

7:52transistors to operate together in

7:54unison like a network but if we're being

7:56honest Bob totally took the idea from a

7:58Texas insance employee named Jack Hilby

8:01who technically created it first but

8:03Jack's version wasn't nearly as good as

8:05Bob's and so to put things into

8:07perspective it kind of reminded me of

8:09when Tony Stark was able to build the

8:10arc reactor with next to nothing while

8:12every other scientist struggled to

8:14recreate it Tony Stark was able to build

8:17this in a cave with a box of scraps well

8:20I'm sorry I'm not Tony Stark so Bob

8:23noise's invention of the integrated

8:25circuit Creator the brand new industry

8:27because now there's a growing Global

8:29need for transistors a demand that

8:30Fairchild just couldn't fulfill on its

8:32own so this caused a mass Exodus of

8:34Fairchild semiconductor employees to

8:36leave and start their own semiconductor

8:39companies giving them the name Fair

8:41children companies like LSI logic AMD

8:44and Intel founded by Bob noise himself

8:46in fact still to this day over 92% of

8:49the world's computing power can be

8:51traced back to Fair children and you

8:52worked at LSI and AMD before starting a

8:55company how did that happen they gave me

8:57a job but by the me mid 1960s demand for

9:01the integrated circuit skyrocketed from

9:02the US's Space Race with Russia and from

9:05big businesses demanding their own

9:07custombuilt computers but up until this

9:09point the concept of artificial

9:10intelligence was still just a science

9:12fiction dream that is until 1966 when a

9:15computer scientist at MIT named Joseph

9:17weisen bomb decided to change that by

9:19building the world's first chatbot named

9:21Eliza using IBM 794 computer Eliza is a

9:26computer program that anyone can

9:27converse with via the keyboard and it'll

9:29reply on the screen directly inspired by

9:32Marvin Minsky's neural network from a

9:34decade earlier Eliza's simulated

9:36conversation by using pattern matching

9:38and substitution methodology that gave

9:40users the illusion of understanding but

9:42it didn't matter because several people

9:44who Ed Eliza still felt like they were

9:46really talking to a person well my

9:49boyfriend made me come here and so now

9:51the world was aware of the all inspiring

9:53power of artificial intelligence and the

9:55power of computers and so in 1971 Intel

9:58landed a contract with a Japanese

10:00company named busicom to build a series

10:02of integrated circuit transistors for

10:04busac com's new Advanced forecast and

10:06calculator but the requirements for the

10:08customized integrated circuit were just

10:10too complicated to build it using the

10:12current technology and so Intel realized

10:14that no form of the integrated circuit

10:15could solve the problem and so they

10:17needed to think outside of the box and

10:19so a young engineer at Intel named tan

10:21hler realized that the only way to make

10:23the requirements simpler was to build a

10:25tiny computer itself that could process

10:27all the requests independent L and

10:30efficiently he called it a

10:31microprocessor a computer that's the

10:33size of your fingertips this was a

10:36series of small steps in trying to

10:39improve the busycal design that finally

10:42led to what ultimately became the 40004

10:46the first

10:48microprocessor so Intel's invention of

10:51the microprocessor uses in a new wave of

10:53thinking towards computers because For

10:55the First Time computers can now get

10:57small enough and cheap enough to on the

10:59desk but unfortunately there's very few

11:02companies focusing strictly on building

11:04actual computers themselves this Gap

11:07inspired dozens of entrepreneurs to come

11:09in and feel that need so by the late

11:111970s we get Microsoft and Apple the

11:14founding of the two richest companies in

11:16the world today that will lay the

11:17groundwork for modern Computing over 97%

11:20of the kids that graduate from high

11:23school have hands-on experience with an

11:24apple before they graduate these kids

11:26are growing up learning how to use this

11:28new tool in many many phases of their

11:30life and so very rapidly the process of

11:33the integration of personal computers

11:35into the society will be accomplished

11:37and these companies fors the road that

11:38led to the PC boom of the 80s and early

11:41'90s

11:41single-handedly capturing 96% of the PC

11:44market between them but even though

11:46computers were selling like hotcakes

11:48year-over-year the biggest artificial

11:50intelligence breakthroughs during the

11:51time wasn't in Computing but rather in

11:54the world of math because in 1986 a

11:56brilliant British computer scientist

11:58named Jeffrey H H created back

12:00propagation which is a machine learning

12:02algorithm that acts like a teacher who

12:04helps the computer learn from his

12:05mistakes it checks the computer's

12:07answers sees where went wrong and then

12:09gives it tips on how it can improve the

12:11next time immediately the back

12:12propagation becomes the Cornerstone for

12:14all neuron Nets inspiring companies like

12:17Ward systems to invent neuro shell one

12:19of the world's first forecasting tools

12:21using back propagation and machine

12:23learning but neuronet wasn't the only

12:25way that AI was advancing because in

12:271997 IBM built deep blue an AI program

12:31that Ed a highly sophisticated search

12:32algorithm a database of games played and

12:35combined it with brw Force computing

12:37power to beat the world's best chess

12:39player but little did they know at the

12:41time IBM's win gave the blueprint for

12:43the future of AI which is when you

12:45combine large volumes of data strong

12:48algorithms and a lot of compute power

12:50you can build something super

12:54intelligent but more on that later

12:55because by the late '90s the power of

12:57computers combined with the internet has

12:59taken over Humanity because now new

13:01millionaires are being minted overnight

13:03by building companies that are taking

13:05our analog world digital well if you do

13:07your social networking on the net then

13:09you know about facebook.com the website

13:12is the latest and hottest thing its

13:14founder is a 22-year-old computer whz

13:16who turned down get this a billion bucks

13:19to sell his site to Yahoo the creation

13:21of internet companies like Google Amazon

13:23and Facebook brings about the

13:25information age and now there are

13:27hundreds of companies generating more

13:29data every year than all of humanity did

13:31in a

13:33century so this creates a new Need for

13:35computers to be able to analyze all of

13:37this big amounts of data so top

13:40companies start paying the world's best

13:42computer scientists for new and

13:44innovative ways to analyze the data

13:46which brings us back to Jeffrey Hinton

13:49remember him the young computer

13:50scientist that helped create back

13:52propagation well he's no longer a

13:53student now he's a professor at the

13:55University of Toronto that's training

13:57the next generation of Minds in AI

13:59and all of this big data being generated

14:01by these new internet companies renews

14:03this interest in the idea of neuronet

14:06and finding ways to take them to the

14:08next level so in 2006 Jeffrey Hinton

14:11created a new algorithm called the

14:12convolutional neuron Network a way that

14:14computers can begin to think recognize

14:17patterns and even images a convolutional

14:20neural networks instantly become a hit

14:22amongst Tech Giants Facebook and Google

14:24uses them to tag and recognize photos

14:27Amazon uses it as a way to recommend the

14:29next product that you will buy and apple

14:31uses it as a cool way to unlock your

14:33phone now this algorithm becomes so

14:35important to the AI community that it

14:37gives Jeffrey Hinton a new name the

14:39Godfather of

14:44[Music]

14:50AI you're the father

14:53of whether you think artificial

14:55intelligence will save the world or end

14:58it you have Jeffrey Hinton to thank

15:01Hinton has been called The Godfather of

15:04AI you're seen as like a Godfather of

15:06this industry do you have any concern

15:08about what you've wrought a British

15:10computer scientist whose controversial

15:13ideas help make advanced artificial

15:15intelligence possible and so changed the

15:19world but even though every major tech

15:21company is finding useful ways to use

15:23convolutional neural networks to analyze

15:25the data everyone knows that there's

15:27still a huge opportunity to unlock true

15:29intelligence so in 2007 a professor out

15:33of cowtech named Dr fth F Lee launched

15:35imet a new competition dedicated to

15:37providing the world's largest open-

15:39source data set in order to find the

15:41best algorithm in the world that can

15:43exhibit true intelligence we were

15:45thrilled to have put together imag net

15:47and we wanted the whole research world

15:50to benefit from it we opened up the

15:52entire data set for free so for a few

15:55years she announces the winners but

15:57nothing happens that isn't until 2012

16:00where our old friend Jeffrey inton

16:01decided to enter the competition with

16:03two of his students ilas sger and Alice

16:06kesy together they submit their CNN

16:08model called alexnet and ladies and

16:10gentlemen let me tell you this moment is

16:11so big in the AI world that they

16:13literally call it the Big Bang of AI the

16:16Big Bang of deep learning the Big Bang

16:20of modern AI it's universally known as

16:22the day that AI was born but hold up

16:25because the alexl algorithm wasn't the

16:26only thing that powered the AI model

16:29because do you remember the formula to

16:30AI that IBM laid out with deep blue data

16:33plus model plus compute well guess what

16:36the real secret here with the GPU

16:38computing power behind it created by

16:40Nvidia Jeff Hinton reached out to us and

16:42we started hearing about that and yeah I

16:43guess 2012 was also the year when Alex

16:45net came out yeah we started feeling it

16:46we started hearing about it before that

16:48and then imag net kind of it was it was

16:50the Big Bang if you will got all of our

16:52attention yeah and it was this

16:54breakthrough that forced Nvidia CEO

16:56Jensen Wong to completely DISD

16:58development of the comp's core product

16:59which up until that point was graphics

17:01cards for video games and now Jensen has

17:04decided to bet the farm on the future of

17:06AI by building the most powerful

17:08microchips in the world that will power

17:10them a bet that will totally pay off

17:12almost a decade later because as of

17:14today Nvidia is currently the third

17:16richest company in the world because

17:18they power 92% of the world's AI the

17:20California based company saw its stock

17:23market value soore from 1 trillion to $2

17:26trillion in just 8 months few Red by the

17:29insatiable demand for its cuttingedge

17:31technology the hardware and software

17:34that make today's artificial

17:36intelligence possible but Nvidia going

17:38all in in 2012 only caus us Google to

17:40follow suit except they don't focus on

17:42computing power instead they decide to

17:45focus on dominating the space of

17:46breakthrough algorithms Google is buying

17:49Deep Mind an artificial intelligence

17:51company for an unknown amount of money

17:53that may exceed actually $500 million so

17:56they buy up and hire every brilliant

17:58mind in the world of AI including DNN

18:01research the company founded by our good

18:03buddy Jeffrey hitton and his two

18:05students that were on imet and by 2015

18:08Google has a complete Monopoly on the

18:10frontier AI model space but Google's

18:12hoarding of AI Talent starts to concern

18:14a lot of Silicon Valley billionaires

18:16like Reed hman Peter teal and Elon

18:20Musk you see like many of us there were

18:22that if the world built a true super

18:24intelligent Ai and the only people with

18:26access to it was a closed source

18:28for-profit company well let's just say

18:30there's a half a dozen movies showing us

18:32why that's a bad

18:34idea so to fight back against Google

18:37Elon and the Gang decide to start open

18:39AI an open source nonprofit company

18:42geared towards building AGI safely but

18:45there's only one problem none of them

18:47are Ai genuses and there's no way to

18:49compete with Google without the talent

18:51so Elon decides to personally recruit

18:53ilas sucer from Google you remember him

18:56he was one of the three mins behind Alex

18:58net and a re student of Jeffrey Hinton

19:00and so Elon works his magic and steals

19:02Ilia from Google but elon's recruitment

19:05of Ilia suger doesn't come without a

19:07cost because he loses a lifelong friend

19:09in Larry pagee but this new rivalry

19:11supercharges Larry pige so he triples

19:14down with Googles investment in Deep

19:15Mind and AI so in 2016 Deep Mind builds

19:19Alpha go an AI program that beat the

19:20strongest go player in the world follow

19:22directly by Alpha zero a chess program

19:25that does the same and these apps

19:26instantly validate deep M they Google as

19:29kings of the AI world but they weren't

19:31done because in 2017 Google also

19:34stumbled across Transformers Autobots

19:37roll out we Roll n not those

19:40Transformers I'm talking about the AI

19:42model which is now one of the most

19:43powerful AI Tools around and so I want

19:46you to think of Transformers as super

19:47smart robots that can read a lot of

19:49books really fast holy C you can read

19:53but these new Transformer models get the

19:54entire AI World thinking what if we

19:56throw a bunch of text Data at

19:58Transformer and then have humans talk to

20:00them to train them could we build a

20:02better version of Eliza the chat bot

20:04from the 1960s and several companies all

20:06have the same idea the most notable of

20:09which is open AI but there's a big

20:11problem in the plan remember building AI

20:13requires a lot of computing power which

20:15in turn requires a lot of capital

20:18capital that they don't have despite

20:19having the richest man in the world as a

20:21co-founder and now open ey knows that it

20:24needs a minimum of $1 billion to even

20:26compete with Google so they decid to

20:28broker deal with Microsoft to give them

20:30the money necessary to build AI

20:32applications in exchange for cap profits

20:35but this decision totally pisses off

20:37Elon because from his perspective the

20:39entire purpose of open AI was to be open

20:41source and the deal with Microsoft only

20:43leavs the company right back to the road

20:45that deep mine and Google were on this

20:47Rift leads to Elon leaving open Ai and

20:50Sam mman becoming the sole CEO of the

20:52company so in 2020 with Sam acting as

20:55CEO he manages to procure $10 billion

20:58investment for from Microsoft and now

20:59fueled by this new Fusion of capital

21:02open AI launched an updated version of

21:03Elijah a chatting generative pre-trained

21:07Transformer in 2022 and within months

21:10the tool reaches 100 million users

21:12becoming the fastest growing app in

21:14history but during this year Chad GPT

21:17wasn't the only AI app Making Waves

21:19because during the same year other

21:21companies like 11 Labs mid jery and

21:23stability AI all launch groundbreaking

21:25gener of AI tools for audio and images s

21:28sending the entire world into the age of

21:31AI and that brings us to today and now 2

21:34years of explosive AI growth has fueled

21:36the industry more than ever and now over

21:38$40 billion a year is being invested in

21:41AI startups and Nvidia and Microsoft are

21:43now two of the three richest companies

21:44in the world all because of their bets

21:46on AI and startups like op AR are now

21:49seeking over $7 trillion doll in

21:51investment to begin this long turn bet

21:53on AI tips and robotic production but

21:55it's unclear where the technology will

21:57go from here and if you want to learn

21:58more then I highly suggest that you read

22:00this book called Chip War by Chris

22:02Miller it's a really amazing read I'll

22:04put the link in the description below

22:06Chip War explains the intense level of

22:08Rd that went into the AI industry over

22:10the years and it explains why companies

22:12like Nvidia tsmc and asml are all

22:15skyrocketing and value and if you're

22:17looking for more history on artificial

22:18intelligence then go watch this video

22:20about how Nvidia built the Monopoly on

22:22gpus it's a really good story and thanks

22:24for

22:27watching down

22:33and my mother